Health Effects of Aerosols - Aerosols: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects - page 567

TABLE 23.1
Aerosols Discussed in this Chapter
Formation (F)/Primary Sources(S) Major Components a [265]

Outdoor aerosol (Figure 23.1)
Combustion-related PM
Ultraine (nuclei) mode
(<100 nm) b (includes
nanoparticles
(<50 nm))

F. Gas-to-particle conversion or primary during
incomplete fuel combustion

Organic and elemental carbon metals
(especially transition metals)/elements,
sulfates, nitrates, sulfuric acid

S. Motor vehicles, power plants, industrial sources

Accumulation (ine)
mode (≤1 μm)
(includes ultraine
PM)

F. Primary particles, gas-to-particle conversion
during fuel combustion: condensation and
coagulation of ultraines; secondary
transformation in atmosphere

Sulfate, nitrate, ammonium
Elemental carbon
Organic compounds
Metals (especially transition metals)

S. Motor vehicles, power plants, industrial sources

F. Grinding, crushing, and abrasion of surfaces
with suspension by wind or anthropogenic
activities

Crustal metals
Tire fragments
Sulfates (ocean)

Coarse PM (>1 μm) c

S. Suspended dust from industry, soil tracked onto
roads and streets, mining, construction, farming

Pollens d
Fungal spores

Ocean spray Pesticides

Biological materials Bacteria and bacterial products (e.g.,

endotoxins, bacterial spores)

Indoor aerosol e
(Figure 23.2)

F. See outdoor aerosol; heterogeneous chemical
reactions [14]

See outdoor aerosol
Tobacco products (sample of tar): nicotine
luoranthenes, acrolein, benzene,
pyrenes, N -nitrosamines, 1,3 butadiene,
arsenic, chromium IV, lead, cadmium

Combustion-related
PM

S. Tobacco smoke; ireplaces/wood stoves,
kerosene heaters, tobacco smoke, outdoor
aerosol, cooking

Noncombustion PM
Dust/lint F. Disturbance of settled dust during cleaning and

other human/pet activities

Soil and road dust tracked indoors
Skin scales

S. Dirt, human

Biological F. Detritus composed of insect excrement and

body parts, animal shedding, water damage;
penetration of outdoor aerosol into buildings

1. Fecal allergen
2. Multiple allergen-speciic sources not
known

S. (1) Mites, (2) cockroaches, (3) pets, (4)
water-damaged building materials/high humidity,
(5) bacteria/bacterial products, and (6) outdoor
aerosol

3. Dander (cat, dog, etc.)
4. Bacteria : whole bacteria spores,
peptidoglycans, endotoxins, Molds and
fungal spores, toxins, 1→3-β-d glucans
5. Endotoxins, peptidoglycans
6. Bacteria, bacterial products, fungal
spores, toxins, pollens

a Components of speciic aerosols are spatially heterogeneous. Entries represent components found typically.
b Deinitions taken from Ref. [266]. These terms are used because most important combustion-related components of PM 2.5
are located in the ine fraction.
c For regulatory purposes, coarse-mode particles usually refer to particles between 2.5 and 10 μm [2]. However, since most
particles larger than 1 μm are formed by mechanical processes (see Figure 23.1), this deinition seems more useful in terms
of possible health effects. Some combustion-related PM may be found at the lower end of the distribution of the coarse
mode (see Figure 23.1).
d See Chapter 20 for a more detailed presentation of the composition of bioaerosols.
e Refs [267-269].