Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
20 Radioactive Aerosol Standards
Lev S. Ruzer, Yu.V. Kuznetzov, V.L. Kustova,
D.E. Fertman, and A.I. Rizin
CONTENTS
20.1 USSR Special State Standard for the Volumetric Activity of Radioactive Aerosols ........... 529
20.2 Currently Applicable Radioactive Aerosol Standards.......................................................... 533
20.2.1 Radon and Its Decay Products.................................................................................. 533
20.2.2 Artiicial Radioactive Aerosols ................................................................................ 534
References...................................................................................................................................... 538
20.1   USSR SPECIAL STATE STANDARD FOR THE VOLUMETRIC 
ACTIVITY OF RADIOACTIVE AEROSOLS
Particular attention has been paid in recent years to the pollution of ambient air and production
premises by radioactive and other substances owing to rapid development rates of atomic power
generation, electronic industry, usage aerosols in medicine, pharmaceutical industry, etc. A number
of organizational measures have been adopted in many countries for solving this problem, that is,
work is in hand for developing and mass producing instruments for testing aerosols of all types and
for raising the measurement precision. A most important problem is that of improving the existing
metrological-provision means and, above all, those of highest precision.
In the previous chapters the different methods and measuring techniques were presented for
measuring the aerosol concentration of different types of radioactive and nonradioactive aerosols
together with both theoretical and experimental studies focused on improving the accuracy and
quality of the measurements of aerosol parameters.
All this information was used in the development of the Aerosol Standard in the former USSR.
The set of installations (Antipin et al., 1980) approved in 1973 and then in 1978 as a special state
standard for the unit of artiicial (man-made) and natural radioactive aerosol concentration had
no equivalent in USSR or other countries' metrological practice. Experience gained in its opera-
tion indicates that its composition and design were selected correctly and that it was reliable in
determining radioactive pollution; and also that it conirms the validity of the principles used as a
basis for determining the precision levels and number of steps in the transition of units, which were
established by the scheme for testing the radioactive aerosol concentration-measuring equipment.
At the same time it was found necessary to reduce the physical standard random error S by a
factor of two, that is, to the value of 5 × 10 −2 . Moreover, the considerable amount of work carried out
in the state testing, certiication, and checking of aerosol radiometers by means of physical-standard
installations revealed the possibility of reducing the maximum errors of the references and working
measuring equipment (ME) to 15%-30% and 30%-60%.
This was promoted to a considerable extent by the new aerosol-radiometer design.
It also became evident that the physical-standard installations should be supplemented
by generators of thoron and actinon daughter products and that it is necessary to modern-
ize the electronic equipment used in measuring the activity of aerosol samples and to extend
529
 
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