Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
15
Radioactive Aerosols*
Lev S. Ruzer
CONTENTS
15.1 Historical Overview ............................................................................................................ 384
15.2 Aerosol Laboratory of the All-Union Institute of Physico-Technical and
Radiotechnical Institute (VNIIFTRI) in Moscow (Former USSR) ................................... 384
15.3 Reported Uncertainties in the Exposure of Miners (Some BEIR VI Remarks) ................. 384
15.4 Direct Measurement of Activity in the Lungs: Problems with Practical Application ........ 386
15.5 Geography and Underground Conditions of Mine Regions ............................................... 386
15.6 Diversity of Mining and Working Conditions .................................................................... 387
15.7 Direct Method: The Tadjikistan Study as an Opportunity to Reduce
Lung Dosimetric Uncertainty............................................................................................. 388
15.8 Radioactive Aerosols and Lung Irradiation ........................................................................ 390
15.9 Aerosol Concentration Measurement.................................................................................. 393
15.9.1 Radon and Its Contribution to Absorbed Dose..................................................... 393
15.9.1.1 Experimental Study on Animals ......................................................... 393
15.10 Dosimetry............................................................................................................................ 394
15.10.1 IIntake versus Exposure: Propagation of the Uncertainties in Dose
Assessment in Mining Studies.............................................................................. 394
15.10.1.1 Discussion on Miner Radiation Dosimetry: Quantitative Approach.... 395
15.10.2 Method of Direct Measurement of the Activity (Dose) in the Lungs of Miners ..... 399
15.10.2.1 Theory of the Method..........................................................................400
15.10.2.2 Correction for the Shift of Equilibrium of Radon Progeny in the
Air and in the Lungs............................................................................402
15.10.2.3 Accounting for Parametric Variations: Variations of
Concentrations, Breathing Rate, and Deposition Coeficients in
Real Working Conditions ....................................................................404
15.10.2.4 Model Measurements ..........................................................................404
15.10.2.5 Phantom Measurements and Geometric Corrections.......................... 405
15.10.2.6 Portable Instrument for Direct Measurement of the Activity of
Radon Decay Products in the Lungs of Miners ..................................406
15.10.3 Lung Cancer Mortality and Lung Sickness among Nonuranium
Miners in Tadjikistan............................................................................................ 407
15.10.3.1 Lung Cancer Mortality Data ...............................................................407
15.10.3.2 Lung Sickness Data .............................................................................409
15.10.3.3 Comparison of Tadjikistan Data with Data from Other
Epidemiological Studies ...................................................................... 410
*
I dedicate this chapter to my best friend Professor Tatjana Tolstikova.
383
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