Health Effects of Metals in Ambient Air Particulate Matter - Aerosols: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects - page 375

7. Xu et al. (2011) showed that ambient particulate air pollution induces oxidative stress and
alterations of mitochondria and gene expression in brown and white adipose tissues, con-
tributing to cardiac stress.

8. Xu et al. (2009) demonstrated that diesel exhaust exposure induces angiogenesis.

9. Xu et al. (2010) showed the effect of early particulate air pollution exposure on obesity in
mice.

10. Ying et al. (2009a,b) reported that ambient particulates alter vascular function through
induction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

These examples identify some of the biological pathways that are activated by particles taken as
a result of inhalation exposure and the cells that participate in the responses. Future studies can
utilize pure materials as well as ambient air PM of mixed composition to obtain more information
on the roles of speciic PM metal components and their interactions and combined effects, and
thereby identify those components most in need of control in order to reduce the health impacts of
airborne PM.

GLOSSARY
ABS absorbance (of light by BC on a sampling ilter)

AHR airway hyperresponsiveness

ApoE −/− apolipoprotein A-deicient (knockout) mouse

BAD brachial artery diameter

BAL bronchoalveolar lavage

BALF bronchoalveolar lavage luid

BC black carbon, aka soot, measured as light absorbance by, or relectance off a

sampling ilter

BP blood pressure

Br bromine

CA California

CAPs concentrated ambient air particles

Cd cadmium

CFA coal ly ash

CHD coronary heart disease

CI conidence interval

CO carbon monoxide

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Cr chromium

CRP C-reactive protein

Cu copper

CYP cytochrome p isoenzyme

eNO exhaled nitric oxide

eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase

EC elemental carbon

ECG electrocardiogram or electrocardiographic

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

FA iltered air

Fe iron

FEV 1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s

FVC forced vital capacity

HDL high-density lipoprotein

HEI Health Effects Institute