Bioaerosols - Aerosols: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects - page 285

12 Bioaerosols
Janet M. Macher, Jeroen Douwes,
Brad Prezant, and Tiina Reponen
CONTENTS
12.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 286
12.2 Health Effects of Bioaerosols in Indoor and Outdoor Environments................................... 287
12.2.1 Infectious Diseases ................................................................................................... 287
12.2.1.1 Transmission of Infectious Agents............................................................. 296
12.2.1.2 Infectious Dose .......................................................................................... 297
12.2.2 Respiratory Diseases other than Aerosol Transmissible Infections ......................... 298
12.2.2.1 Asthma ....................................................................................................... 298
12.2.2.2 Rhinitis.......................................................................................................300
12.2.2.3 Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome...................................................................300
12.2.2.4 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis ....................................................................300
12.2.2.5 Chronic Bronchitis..................................................................................... 301
12.2.2.6 Airlow Obstruction ................................................................................... 301
12.2.2.7 Pulmonary Hemorrhage............................................................................. 301
12.2.3 Other Adverse Health Effects................................................................................... 302
12.2.3.1 Building-Related Illnesses and Symptoms ................................................ 302
12.2.3.2 Cancer ........................................................................................................ 302
12.2.4 Potential Protective Effects of Microbial Agents on Allergies and Asthma ............ 303
12.3 Sources and Exposures ......................................................................................................... 303
12.3.1 Bioaerosols from Outdoor Sources........................................................................... 303
12.3.1.1 Seasonal, Diurnal, and Geographic Variability in Ambient Bioaerosol
Concentrations ........................................................................................... 305
12.3.2 Bioaerosols in the Indoor Environment.................................................................... 307
12.3.2.1 Viruses, Bacteria, and Bacterial Endotoxin............................................... 307
12.3.2.2 Fungal Spores and Hyphal Fragments ....................................................... 308
12.3.2.3 Fungal (1 → 3)-β-d-Glucans....................................................................... 308
12.3.2.4 Mycotoxins................................................................................................. 309
12.3.2.5 Fungal Volatile Organic Components........................................................ 309
12.3.2.6 Indoor Allergens ........................................................................................ 309
12.3.3 Bioaerosols in Occupational Environments.............................................................. 311
12.4 Bioaerosol Size Distributions ............................................................................................... 312
12.4.1 Aerodynamic Diameters of Airborne Biological Agents ......................................... 313
12.4.1.1 Allergens .................................................................................................... 313
12.4.1.2 Culturable Bacteria and Fungi ................................................................... 314
12.4.1.3 Fragments................................................................................................... 314
12.5 Respiratory Dosimetry ......................................................................................................... 315
12.5.1 Respiratory Deposition and Clearance ..................................................................... 315
12.5.2 Dose-Response Relationships .................................................................................. 316
12.5.3 Interactions ............................................................................................................... 316
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