Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
10
High Aspect Ratio
Nanomaterials
Characterization and Toxicology
Steven M. Hankin and Craig A. Poland
CONTENTS
10.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 229
10.2 Characterization.................................................................................................................... 230
10.2.1 Challenges to the Characterization of Harn ............................................................. 230
10.2.2 Imaging Techniques.................................................................................................. 231
10.2.2.1 Electron-Based Microscopies .................................................................... 231
10.2.2.2 Scanning Probe Microscopies ................................................................... 232
10.2.3 Nonimaging Techniques ........................................................................................... 232
10.2.3.1 Chemical Property Information................................................................. 232
10.2.3.2 Physical Property Information................................................................... 233
10.3 Toxicology of HARN............................................................................................................ 234
10.3.1 Principles .................................................................................................................. 234
10.3.2 Fiber Pathogenicity Paradigm .................................................................................. 235
10.3.2.1 Dose ........................................................................................................... 236
10.3.2.2 Dimension .................................................................................................. 237
10.3.2.3 Durability................................................................................................... 239
10.3.3 Evidence Base for Harn ............................................................................................240
10.4 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................244
References......................................................................................................................................244
10.1 INTRODUCTION
High aspect ratio nanomaterials (HARN) are a class of new materials whose novel properties are
being investigated and applied in a variety of applications as diverse as structural composites, elec-
tronics, and medicine. HARN can be classed as “one-dimensional” nanoscale building blocks; other
one-dimensional particles include nanobelts and nanoribbons—these are nanostructures with high
surface area and high aspect ratio (of greater than 10:1, length-to-diameter).
However, concern exists about the potential health effects of high aspect ratio nanoparticles,
derived primarily from toxicology studies of industrial ibers, including asbestos. This chapter
provides an overview of the characterization techniques and the paradigm underpinning the toxic-
ity of HARN.
229
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