Health Effects of Ambient Ultrafine Particles - Aerosols: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects - page 212

TABLE 8.3
Studies Comparing Ultraine and Fine Particles Composed of the Same Material

Particle
Type

Size Exposure Endpoint Reference

TiO 2
anatase

Ultraine 20 nm
Fine 250 nm

Inhalation 23 mg/m 3
7 h/day
5 days/12 weeks

Inlammation in BAL
Lung lymph node burdens
Slowed clearance

[59]

TiO 2
rutile

Ultraine 12 nm
Fine 230 nm

Instillation of 500 μg Interstitialization measured as

unlavageable fraction

[59]

Al 2 O 3 Ultraine 20 nm

Fine 500 nm

Lung lymph node burden [60]

Instillation 500 μg

Carbon
black

Ultraine 20 nm
Fine
200—250 nm
PM 10

Instillation of 50—125 μg
in 0.2 mL

Increased PMN, protein, and LDH
following PM 10 , greater response with
ultraine CB but not CB; decreased GSH
level in BAL; free radical activity (deplete
supercoil DNA); leukocytes from treated
animals produced greater NO and TNF

[61-63]

TiO 2 Ultraine 20 nm

Fine 300 nm

Increased inlammatory indicators in BAL
Pathology changes in alveolar ducts
Increased pulmonary retention of ultraine

[63]

Instillation of 10,000 μg
particles/kg BW

TiO 2 Ultraine 20 nm

Fine 250 nm

Instillation 500 μg Increased acute inlammation indicators in

BAL at 24 h with ultraines

[33]

MnO 2 Surface area of

0.16, 0.5; 17,
62 mg 2 /g

Intratracheal instillation;
in vitro 0.037, 0.12, 0.75,
2.5 mg/animal

LDH, protein, and cellular recruitment
increased with increasing surface area;
Freshly ground particles had enhanced
cytotoxicity

[65]

TiO 2 Ultraine 21 nm

Fine 250 nm

Intratracheal inhalation and
intratracheal instillation

Inlammation produced by intratracheal
inhalation (both severity and persistence)
was less than that produced by
instillation; ultraine particles produced
greater inlammatory response than ine
particles for both dosing methods

[33]

TiO 2 Ultraine 21 nm

Fine 250 nm

Intratracheal inhalation and
intratracheal instillation (rat)
Inhalation at 125 μg/m 3
Instillation at 500 μg for ine
750 μg for ultraine
Inhalation exposure 2 h;
sacriiced at 0, 1, 3, and 7
days postexposure for both
techniques

MIP-2 increased in lavage cells but not in
supernatant in those groups with
increased PMN (more in instillation than
in inhalation; more in ultraine than in
ine); TNF-α levels had no correlation
with either particle size or dosing
methods

[67]

H 2 SO 4
and O 3

Ultraine 60 nm
Fine 300 nm

Inhalation, nose-only
500 μg/m 3 H 2 SO 4 aerosol
(two different particle sizes)
with or without 0.6 ppm O 3
Rats, Sprague—Dawley,
male, 250—300 g 4 h/day
for 2 days

The volume percentage of injured alveolar
septae was increased only in the
combined ultraine acid/O 3 , animals BrdU
labeling in the periacinar region was
increased in a synergistic manner in the
combined ine acid/O 3 animals

[68]

Source: Expanded from Donaldson, K. et al., J. Aerosol Sci ., 29, 553, 1998.