Medical and Pharmaceutical Aerosols - Aerosols: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects - page 1

1 Medical and Pharmaceutical

Aerosols

Stephen R. Marek, Hugh D.C. Smyth, Lucila Garcia-Contreras,
Daniel J. Cooney, Robert J. Garmise, Latarsha D. Jones,
and Anthony J. Hickey

CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 2

1.1.1

Historical Perspective ................................................................................................... 2

1.1.2 Future Prospects ........................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Therapeutic Agents ................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 Locally Acting Medical and Pharmaceutical Aerosols ................................................ 2

1.2.1.1 β-Adrenergic Agonists ................................................................................... 2

1.2.1.2 Corticosteroids ............................................................................................... 4

1.2.1.3 Anticholinergics............................................................................................. 4

1.2.1.4 Anti-Inlammatory Agents............................................................................. 4

1.2.1.5 Antimicrobials ............................................................................................... 4

1.2.1.6 Biotechnological Agents, Genes, and DNA Aerosols.................................... 5

1.2.2 Systemically Acting Agents.......................................................................................... 5

1.3 Classiication............................................................................................................................. 5

1.3.1 Metered Dose Inhalers.................................................................................................. 5

1.3.1.1 CFC Systems.................................................................................................. 6

1.3.1.2 HFC Systems ................................................................................................. 7

1.3.1.3 Alternative Propellants .................................................................................. 8

1.3.2 Dry Powder Inhalers..................................................................................................... 8

1.3.2.1 Passive............................................................................................................ 9

1.3.2.2 Active ............................................................................................................. 9

1.3.3 Nebulizers..................................................................................................................... 9

1.3.3.1

Solutions....................................................................................................... 11

1.3.3.2 Suspensions .................................................................................................. 11

1.3.3.3 Macromolecules ........................................................................................... 12

1.3.4 Handheld Aqueous Systems ....................................................................................... 12

1.3.5 Topical Drug Delivery Sprays .................................................................................... 12

1.4 Speciic Measurement Techniques and Calibration ............................................................... 13

1.4.1 Particle Size Measurement ......................................................................................... 13

1.4.1.1 Inertial Methods........................................................................................... 14

1.4.1.2 Optical Methods........................................................................................... 14

1.4.2 Other In Vitro Measurement Techniques Commonly Employed for

Pharmaceutical Aerosols ............................................................................................ 16
1.4.2.1

Angle of Repose........................................................................................... 16

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