Chemical Analyses of Particle Filter Deposits* - Aerosols: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects - page 179

7 Chemical Analyses of Particle

Filter Deposits*

Judith C. Chow and John. G. Watson

CONTENTS
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 179
7.2 Filter Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 180
7.3 Sample Processing ................................................................................................................ 182
7.4 Laboratory Analyses............................................................................................................. 186
7.4.1 Filter Weighing Gravimetry for Mass ...................................................................... 186
7.4.2 Light Transmission/Absorption (b abs ) Analysis as a Black Carbon Surrogate ......... 186
7.4.3 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis for Elements ............................................................. 187
7.4.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
for Elements and Isotopes......................................................................................... 187
7.4.5 Ion Chromatography Analysis for Anions and Cations............................................ 188
7.4.6 Automated Colorimetry Analysis for Ammonium................................................... 189
7.4.7 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Analysis for Monoatomic Cations ............ 189
7.4.8 Thermal/Optical Analysis by Relectance and Transmittance
(TOR and TOT) for Organic and Elemental Carbon ............................................... 189
7.4.9 Thermal Analysis for Water-Soluble Organic Compounds...................................... 190
7.4.10 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-UV/Vis
for Three Major WSOC Classes ............................................................................... 191
7.4.11 IC with Pulsed Amperometric Detector Analysis for Carbohydrates
and IC with Conductivity Detector Analysis for Organic Acids .............................. 191
7.4.12 Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
for Nonpolar Organic Compounds ........................................................................... 192
7.4.13 Computer-Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy for Single-Particle
Morphology and Composition .................................................................................. 192
7.4.14 Data Management and Validation ............................................................................ 194
7.5 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................... 195
Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... 195
References...................................................................................................................................... 195

7.1 INTRODUCTION
Although continuous measurement methods for ambient particulate matter (PM) have advanced
(Burtscher, 2002; McMurry, 2000; Solomon and Sioutas, 2008; Wang et al., 2009; Watson et al.,
1998; Wexler and Johnston, 2008), sampling through size-selective inlets onto ilter media with
subsequent laboratory analysis is still the most widely applied method for PM characterization

* The identiication of commercial suppliers as examples should not be considered an endorsement of these vendors or their
products, although the authors have found these products to be reliable and cost-effective.

179