Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
6
Aerosol Chemistry and Physics
An Indoor Perspective
Lara A. Gundel and Hugo Destaillats
CONTENTS
6.1
Comparison of Indoor and Outdoor Aerosols ...................................................................... 130
6.1.1
Importance of Aerosol Exposures ............................................................................ 130
6.1.2
Signiicance of the Indoor Environment to Aerosol Exposure................................. 130
6.1.2.1
Most Exposure and Inhalation of Outdoor PM Occurs Indoors................ 130
6.1.2.2
In the Developed World Roughly Half of Indoor PM Originates
Outdoors..................................................................................................... 131
6.1.2.3
Personal Cloud Effect Enhances Exposure to PM..................................... 131
6.1.2.4
Indoor PM is among the Acute Health Hazards in Homes
in the United States .................................................................................... 131
6.1.2.5
Introduction to Characterization of Indoor Aerosols................................. 132
6.1.3
Outdoor Particles ...................................................................................................... 132
6.1.3.1
Composition PM
2.5
in the United States .................................................... 132
6.1.3.2
PM
2.5
Source Apportionment..................................................................... 133
6.1.4
Differences between Indoor and Outdoor Environments......................................... 134
6.1.5
Evidence for Indoor Aerosol Processing and Generation......................................... 135
6.1.5.1
Building Envelope...................................................................................... 136
6.1.5.2
Indoor Materials ........................................................................................ 136
6.1.5.3
Indoor Aerosol Generation ........................................................................ 137
6.2
Composition of Indoor Particles and Aerosol Precursors .................................................... 137
6.2.1
Combustion Sources ................................................................................................. 141
6.2.1.1
Cooking...................................................................................................... 141
6.2.1.2
Fireplaces ................................................................................................... 143
6.2.1.3
Tobacco ...................................................................................................... 143
6.2.1.4
Candles....................................................................................................... 145
6.2.1.5
Incense ....................................................................................................... 145
6.2.1.6
Unvented Kerosene Heaters and Lamps .................................................... 146
6.2.2
Human Activities and Consumer Products............................................................... 146
6.2.2.1
Pesticides.................................................................................................... 146
6.2.2.2
Air Fresheners and Fragrances .................................................................. 146
6.2.2.3
Walking...................................................................................................... 146
6.2.2.4
Cleaning and Household Activities............................................................ 147
6.2.2.5
Cleaning Products...................................................................................... 148
6.2.2.6
Portable Air Cleaners................................................................................. 148
6.2.2.7
Printers, Copiers, and Other Ofice Equipment......................................... 148
6.2.2.8
Renovation ................................................................................................. 148
6.2.3
Indoor Aerosol Source Apportionment .................................................................... 149
129
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