Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
5 Modeling Deposition
of Inhaled Particles*
Kristin K. Isaacs, Jacky A. Rosati, and Ted B. Martonen
CONTENTS
5.1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 84
5.2
Fluid Dynamics in Airways.................................................................................................... 84
5.2.1
Fundamental Equations .............................................................................................. 85
5.2.2
Boundary Conditions.................................................................................................. 86
5.2.3
Idealized Velocity Proiles.......................................................................................... 86
5.2.4
Computational Fluid Dynamics.................................................................................. 87
5.3
Aerosol Deposition Models .................................................................................................... 87
5.3.1
Classes of Models ....................................................................................................... 87
5.3.1.1
Empirical Models......................................................................................... 87
5.3.1.2
Deterministic Models .................................................................................. 88
5.3.1.3
Stochastic Models ........................................................................................ 88
5.3.1.4
Computational Fluid-Particle Dynamics ..................................................... 88
5.3.2
Merits and Limitations of Deposition Models............................................................ 90
5.3.2.1
Scientiic Foundations.................................................................................. 90
5.3.2.2
Biological Realism ....................................................................................... 91
5.3.2.3
Hardware and Software Issues..................................................................... 91
5.3.2.4
Advantages of Modeling and Simulation..................................................... 91
5.4
Factors Inluencing Aerosol Deposition Patterns ................................................................... 92
5.4.1
Aerosol Properties ...................................................................................................... 92
5.4.2
Inhalability.................................................................................................................. 92
5.4.3
Respiratory System Morphology ................................................................................ 92
5.4.3.1
Idealized Models.......................................................................................... 92
5.4.3.2
Data-Driven Models..................................................................................... 93
5.4.3.3
Three-Dimensional Morphological Models for Interpretation
of Lung Images ............................................................................................ 93
5.4.3.4
Three-Dimensional Morphological Models for CFPD................................ 93
5.4.3.5
Surface Features........................................................................................... 94
5.4.4
Ventilatory Conditions................................................................................................ 95
5.4.4.1
Mode of Respiration .................................................................................... 95
5.4.4.2
Breathing Pattern ......................................................................................... 97
5.4.5
Respiratory System Environment ............................................................................... 98
* The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Ofice of Research and Development funded and managed the
research described here. It has been subjected to the Agency's administrative review and approved for publication.
83
 
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