Role of Physical Exercise for Improving Posttraumatic Nerve Regeneration - International Review of Neurobiology - page 131

GDNF production
and release by
denervated and
reinnervated
muscles

McCullough,
Peplinski, Kinnell,
and Spitsbergen
(2011)

GDNF GFR a 1 Survival of

motoneurons
Axonal elongation
Proliferation and
myelination of
Schwann cells
Formation,
maintenance, and
plasticity of NMJ

Expressed in both
sensory and motor
neurons and muscle
(mRNA)

GDNF and GFR 1

increase in the distal
nerve stump
(Schwann cells) and
muscles after nerve
injury
GFR

a

(high
affinity)
c-ret

GDNF muscle levels
increase with muscle
activity (passive and
active exercise) and
decrease with
immobilization

McCullough et al.
(2011) , Wehrwein,
Roskelley, and
Spitsbergen (2002)

1 is expressed
at motor nerve
terminals
GFR

a

1is
deleterious after
long-term
denervation
GFR

a

GDNF muscle levels
decrease with
augmented release of
acetylcholine

McCullough et al.
(2011)

1
concentration at
postsynaptic
membrane regulates
sprouting in
reinnervated
muscles

a

GDNF levels
decrease in the
dorsal horn with
treadmill exercise

Cobianchi, Casals-
Diaz, Jaramillo, &
Navarro (2013)

BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; c-met, hepatocyte growth factor receptor; c-ret, Ret proto-oncogene; GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor; GFR a 1,
GDNF family receptor a 1; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF-2, insulin-like growth factor 2; IGFR-1, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1; NMJ, neuromuscular
junction; p75 NTR , p75 neurotrophin receptor; trkB, tyrosine kinase receptor B; trkC, tyrosine kinase receptor C.