Cartography of Landscape Dynamics in Central Spain - Cartography: A Tool for Spatial Analysis - page 229

Programme in 1992 designated the area as a Biosphere Reserve, due to the high ecological
value of the area as well as for its cultural heritage and agricultural and landscape values.
Demography, recreation and urban and transport infrastructures development are the most
important pressures in this PNA [28]. This Park was declared a PNA in 1985 abarcando una
extensión de casi 53.000 ha [29]. Biogeographically, this territory belongs to the
Mediterranean Iberian-Atlantic region in the Central Mountain Range.
Figure 1. Study area: Location in Madrid region (A) and the location of the three study cases (B):
Cerceda (1), Torrelodones (2). Fuencarral (3) into boundary of PNA (shadow).
Figure 2. Guadarrama Range and piedmont with open woodland and urban development in PNA
(Cuenca Alta del Río Manzanares)