Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
It is also important to integrate hazard risk management into the economic development
process. Emergency planning and risk mitigation need to be an integral part of the rural and
urban development process, with the participation of all the stakeholders.
Develop a catastrophe risk financing strategy.
Countries need to develop and introduce
targeted risk financing strategies for dealing with catastrophic events that can have a severe
impact on their economies. The strategy would address the funding gap caused by the need
to recover economic losses and meet social obligations and other responsibilities, following
a catastrophic event. Developing a risk financing strategy is particularly important for
countries exposed to catastrophic earthquakes.
Therefore, the Regional Public Administrations from a country, which has more or less
accentuated risk for the natural disasters, may have at their disposal the possibility to verify,
at pre-established time intervals, the real state of the geological formations or of the
building, which is suspected to be in danger.
The main application of the MSM equipment presented here, is the estimation and the
alerting in due time regarding the risk of great proportion accidents, by break down of civil
constructions due to some natural causes, such as landslides and floods, in areas with high
risk of accidents.
The final result will be the achievement of a Geographic Informational System (GIS), which
will have to integrate all the information and the all types of data, which are needed for the
natural disasters management, from the prognosis to the post-factum measurements.
Moreover, besides the hazard maps which must be elaborated for the all regions of the
respective country, the local authorities must, also, draw up risk maps which refer to the
most exposed areas to the natural calamities.
3. State of the art
Usually, the measurement of superficial displacement is the simplest way to observe the
history of a landslide and to analyze the kinematics of the movement, so the investigation of
the terrains sliding movements permits, also, the detection of possible precursor elements of
the mass movements.
3.1. Existing fixed mapping equipments
In the past, a various surveying techniques were used to detect the superficial movements of
unstable area. For examples, tapes and wire devices were used to measure changes in
distance, between terrain points or crack walls. Levels, theodolites, Electronic Distance
Measurement (EDM), and total station measurements provide both the coordinates and
changes of target, control points and landslide features. In addition, aerial or terrestrial
photogrammetry provides point coordinates, contour maps and cross-section of the
landslides.
