Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Joe Slivon, Andy Kociban, and Debbie Burse very little real work would have been accomplished. My thanks to
Bob Chaiken who reviewed this manuscript for accuracy and completeness.
Important Terms
Abandoned mine
A coal mine where the mine operator has ceased operations without
reclaiming the site and the owner/operator cannot be located.
Abandoned Mined Land
Land and water resources adversely affected by past coal mining and left
abandoned or inadequately restored.
Absorption
The incorporation a gas, liquid, or solid within another substance, the
process by which one phase permeates or is dissolved in another.
Activation energy
The minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to take
place, the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
Adiabatic
A process which takes place without any exchange of heat between a
system and its surroundings, a chemical or mechanical process which
takes place without heat entering or leaving the system.
Adsorption
The adherence of gaseous or liquid molecules to the surface of solids with
which they are in contact.
BTU (British Thermal Unit)
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water
1 degree Fahrenheit at 1 atmosphere pressure.
Carbonaceous shale
A coal-like material containing too much mineral matter to be considered
coal, may overlie coal seams, frequently formed by an influx of inorganic
sediment into the coal swamp.
Coal rank
Describes the stage of coalification attained by a given coal; the place
occupied by a coal in a classification of coals according to the degree of
metamorphism, or progressive alteration, in the order:
(1) Lignite or brown coal
less than 8300 moist BTU.
(2) Subbituminous
a coal with a heating value greater than that of lignite
and less that that of bituminous, between 8300 and 13 000 moist BTU.
(3) Bituminous
a coal with a heating value and dry fixed carbon con-
centration less than that of anthracite:
(a) High-volatile bituminous c (hvc)
heating value between 11 000
and 13 000 moist BTU.
(b) High-volatile bituminous b (hvb)
heating value between 13 000
and 14 000 moist BTU.
(c) High-volatile bituminous a (hva)
heating value greater than
14 000 moist BTU and dry fixed carbon concentration less than
69%.
(d) Medium-volatile bituminous (mv)
dry fixed carbon concentra-
tion between 69 and 78%.
(e) Low-volatile bituminous (lv)
dry fixed carbon concentration
between 78 and 86%.
(4) Anthracite
dry fixed carbon concentration between 86 and 98%
Coal refuse
Waste material in the raw coal that has been removed, usually in a cleaning
or preparation plant, frequently disposed of in surface piles, also called
tailings.
CO index
(CO/
O 2 ), the ratio of CO emitted to oxygen adsorbed; the adsorbed
oxygen (
Δ
O 2 ) is the difference between the measured concentration and
the concentration in normal air.
Δ
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