Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 4.7
Common Soil Types
Topsoil
Surface formation, generally black or gray due to organic content or degree
of weathering; the top portion of the soil profile that supports vegetation.
Hard pan
Hard, cemented conglomerate that will not soften when wet.
Fill
Any man-made soil deposit.
Caliche
Layers of soil cemented together by calcium carbonate deposited by
evaporation of ascending or descending ground waters.
Adobe
Heavy-textured, light-colored, alluvial clay soils occurring in the south-
western part of the United States.
Gumbo
Fat clays with little sand that, when saturated with water, are impervious
and have a waxy or soapy appearance and feel.
Muck
Highly organic soil of very soft consistency.
TABLE 4.8
Approximate Property Values for Different Soil Types
Undrained
Shear Strength
(S
u
, in kPa)
Effective
Cohesion
(c′
Friction
Angle (f′
Saturated
Density (D
s
,
in t/m
3
)
,in
degrees)
Voids
Ratio
Soil Type
, in kPa)
Soft to firm clay
10
-
50
5
-
10
19
-
24
1.4
-
1.8
Stiff clay
50
-
100
10
-
20
22
-
29
1.8
-
1.9
Very stiff to
hard clay
100
-
400
20
-
50
27
-
31
1.9
-
2.2
Silt
10
-
50
—
27
-
35
1.7
-
2.3
1.1
-
0.3
Loose sand
—
—
29
-
30
1.7
-
1.8
1.1
-
0.8
Medium dense
sand
—
—
30
-
40
1.8
-
2.0
0.8
-
0.5
Dense sand
—
—
35
-
45
2.0
-
2.3
0.5
-
0.2
Gravel
—
—
35
-
55
1.7
-
2.4
1.1
-
2.2
The approximate soil parameters for different types of soil are illustrated in
Table 4.8
.
4.5.2 Soil Characterization
A key part of developing realistic analytical models to evaluate cyclic loading
effects on piles is the characterization of soil-pile interaction behavior.
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