Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
180
170.0
160.0
160
148.0
140
134.0
125.0
120
114.3
102.0
100
92.0
81.1
80
67.7
58.7
60
52.6
44.2
39.8
40
29.4
20
12.7
1.7
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
Soybean
Maize
Cotton
Rapeseed
Fig. 1.2.
Global area of transgenic crops (GM plants) in Mha (James, 2013).
food-producing animals (Table 1.5) and only
small amounts are used for human nutrition.
h erefore, in the future, assessing the
nutritive value of feeds and co-products
from GM plants for food-producing animals
will be a real challenge for animal nutrition-
ists (Kleter and Kok, 2010; Flachowsky
et
al
., 2012; see Fig. 1.3 and Chapters 5, 6 and
7). In addition, GM animals will come on
the market in the next few years (Golovan
et al
., 2001a,b; Forsberg
et al
., 2003;
Niemann and Kues, 2007; Robi
et al
., 2007;
Fahrenkrug
et al
., 2010; Niemann
et al
.,
2011; EFSA, 2012; FAO 2012b) and
nutritionists will have to deal with the
energy and nutrient requirements of such
animals, including animal clones (Fig. 1.3).
Various types of animal feeding studies
are required in order to answer all the
scientii c and public questions and to
improve the public acceptance of such food/
feed and animals (see Chapter 5). h e current
state and future challenges of the nutritional
and safety assessment of feed from
genetically modii ed plants will be analysed
in the following chapters. h e main objectives
of those chapters are to consider the pros
and cons of feeds from transgenic plants and
Table 1.5.
Important food/feed from GM plants and the estimated proportions used as food or feed
(author's estimation).
GM plant
Food
%
Feed
%
Soybean
Oil, proteins
25
Soybean (extracted oil) meal, full-fat soybean
75
Maize
Starch, maize
meal, oil
15
Maize, oil, DDGS, gluten feed, silage, straw
85
Rapeseed
Oil
25
Rapeseed (extracted oil) meal, rapeseed
expeller/cake, full-fat rapeseed
75
Cotton
Oil
15
Cotton seed (extracted oil) meal, expeller
85
Note:
DDGS = dried distillers grain with added solubles.
