Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.3.
Effects of animal species, categories and performance on some emissions (per kg edible
protein). (From Flachowsky, 2002b; Flachowsky
et al
., 2012.)
Emissions in kg per kg edible protein
Nitrogen
excretion
(per cent of
intake)
Methane
emission
(g per
day)
c
Protein source
(body weight)
Performance
per day
CO
2eq
d
P
N
CH
4
Dairy cow
(650 kg)
10 kg milk
20 kg milk
40 kg milk
75
70
65
310
380
520
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.65
0.44
0.24
1.0
0.6
0.4
30
16
12
Dairy goat
(60 kg)
2 kg milk
5 kg milk
75
65
50
60
0.08
0.04
0.5
0.2
0.8
0.4
20
10
Beef cattle
(350 kg)
500 g
a
1000 g
a
1500 g
a
90
84
80
170
175
180
0.30
0.18
0.14
2.3
1.3
1.0
3.5
1.7
1.2
110
55
35
500 g
a
700 g
a
900 g
a
Growing/fattening pig
(80 kg)
85
80
75
5
5
5
0.20
0.12
0.09
1.0
0.7
0.55
0.12
0.08
0.05
16
12
10
40 g
a
60 g
a
Broilers
(1.5 kg)
70
60
Traces
0.04
0.03
0.35
0.25
0.01
0.01
4
3
Laying hen
(1.8 kg)
50%
b
70%
b
90%
b
80
65
55
Traces
0.12
0.07
0.05
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.03
0.02
0.02
7
5
3
Notes:
a
Daily weight gain;
b
laying performance;
c
CH
4
emission depending on composition of diet;
d
equivalent to carbon
footprints (sum of greenhouse gas emission of CO
2
; CH
4
(
23) and N
2
0 (
300; IPCC, 2006) for edible protein of animal
origin).
Point of the Food Chain
Lower concentrations of toxic substances
such as secondary plant ingredients,
mycotoxins from toxin-producing fungi,
toxins from anthropogenic activities or
of geogenic origin.
Lower concentrations of substances that
inl uence the use or bioavailability of
nutrients such as lignin, phytate, enzyme
inhibitors, tannins, etc.
Plant breeding and cultivation are the key
elements and starting points for feed and
food security in the next years (see
Flachowsky, 2008; SCAR, 2008; h e Royal
Society, 2009; Flachowsky
et al
., 2013). h e
most important objectives for plant breeders
can be summarized as follows:
High and stable yields with low external
inputs of non-renewable resources
(low-input varieties) such as water,
minerals, fossil fuel, plant protection
substances, etc. (Table 1.4).
Maximal use of natural unlimited
resources such as sunlight, nitrogen and
carbon dioxide from the air (Table 1.4).
Higher resistance against biotic and
abiotic stressors (such as drought and
increased salinity), including healthy
plants and adaptation to potential
climate changes.
Optimization of the genetic potential of
plants for a highly ei cient photosynthe-
sis.
Higher concentrations of the components
determining nutritive value such as
nutrient precursors, nutrients, enzymes,
pro- and prebiotics, essential oils, etc.
From the global perspective of feed and food
security, plants with low inputs of non-
renewable resources and high and stable
yields should have the highest priority in
breeding. In addition, resistance to insect
infestation (Shade
et al
., 1994; Lee
et al
.,
2013) and low losses in the i eld during
harvest and storage are also important
aspects of feed/food security. Furthermore,
undesirable substances often cannot be
removed from feedstuf s or can be
removed only with great ef ort (Flachowsky,
2006; Morandini, 2010; Verstraete, 2011;
