Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
inl uence the fatty deposition in both the
animal body and the human body (Akahoshi
et al ., 2005; Ostrowska et al ., 2005) or should
have specii c health ef ects (Lunn and
h eobald, 2006).
Such inl uences have been reported with
a genetically modii ed rapeseed (Kohno-
Murase et al ., 1994; Hornung et al ., 2002;
Iwabuchi et al ., 2003) containing the
conjugated linolenic acid isomer cis -9, trans -
11, cis -13-octadecatrienoic acid (punicic
acid) in the oil. h e oil was added to the diets
of mice and ef ected a signii cant decrease of
white adipose tissue from 0.94 (control) to
0.61 g/100 g of body weight (+0.25% punicic
acid; Koba et al ., 2007). Punicic acid was also
found in the fatty acid proi les of liver
triglicerides and liver phospholipids of mice
fed with GM rapeseed oil. h is result shows
that it would be possible to produce CLA via
plants.
extent than vitamin A (see Table 7.8). Apart
from specii c storage or indicator organs
(e.g. liver), other organs or tissues are
seldom inl uenced in composition by
biofortii ed GM plants.
10.4 Conclusions
Feeds from i rst-generation GM plants did
not inl uence signii cantly the composition
and quality of food of animal origin. h ere
exists no scientii c advice that recombinant
DNA and newly expressed proteins show
chemical and physiological properties in
animals other than endogenous products.
Feeds from second-generation GM crops
(with output traits) may inl uence the
composition and quality of feeds of animal
origin, especially in the case of fatty acids.
Minerals and vitamins from biofortii ed
plants can be stored in some organs or may
be excreted via milk and/or eggs.
10.3.4 Higher concentration in
micronutrients (e.g. the nutrient
precursor, ß-carotene)
References
Micronutrient dei ciencies such as trace
elements (e.g. iodine, iron, zinc) and vita-
mins (e.g. A, E, B 12 and further B vitamins)
in humans and animals are a serious problem
in many countries (see Chapters 7 and 12).
Green biotechnology may contribute
towards overcoming this situation via
biofortii cation (DellaPenna, 1999; Zimmer-
mann et al ., 2004).
Interesting results have been reported
with the so-called 'Golden Rice', rich in the
vitamin A precursor, ß-carotene (Dawe et al .,
2002; see Chapters 7 and 12). Table 7.8
shows a study to assess the bioconversion of
ß-carotene into vitamin A in a model animal
(Mongolian gerbils). Dif erent diets were fed
after a depletion period. h e results show
that the retinol concentration in the liver of
gerbils fed with carotene-rich maize was
similar to those animals fed with maize poor
in carotene and supplemented with adequate
amounts of ß-carotene. h is means, in this
case, that ß-carotene from maize is almost
identically converted into vitamin A as
supplemented ß-carotene, but to a lower
Akahoshi, A.A., Koba, K.K., Enmoto, R.R.,
Nishimura, K.K., Honda, Y.Y., Minami, M.M., et
al . (2005) Combined effects of dietary protein
type and fat level on the body fat-reducing
activity of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in rats.
Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry
69, 2409-2415.
Alexander, T.W., Sharma, R., Okine, E.K., Dixon,
W.T., Forster, R.J., Stanford, K., et al . (2002)
Impact of feed processing and mixed ruminal
culture on the fate of recombinant EPSP
synthase and endogenous canola plant DNA.
FEMS Microbiology Letters 214, 263-269.
Alexander, T.W., Sharma, R., Deng, M.Y., Whetsell,
A.J., Jennings, J.C., Wang, Y., et al . (2004) Use
of quantitative real-time and conventional PCR
to assess the stability of the cp4 epsps
transgene from Roundup Ready canola in the
intestinal, ruminal and fecal content of sheep.
Journal of Biotechnology 11, 255-266.
Alexander, T.W., Reuter, T., Aulrich, K., Sharma, R.,
Okine, E.K., Dixon, W.T., et al . (2007) A review
of the detection and fate of novel plant
molecules derived from biotechnology in
livestock production. Animal Feed Science and
Technology 133, 31-62.
 
 
 
Search WWH ::




Custom Search