Feeding Studies with Secondgeneration GM Plants (Output Traits) with Food-producing Animals - Animal Nutrition with Transgenic Plants - page 98

Table 7.4. Protein (%) and amino acid content (g/kg as-fed basis) of
parenteral maize line and GM maize (LY038 and LY038  MON810).
(From Lucas et al ., 2007.)

LY038 
MON810 Item Control LY038

Crude protein 8.9 9.5 9.8

Lysine 2.55 3.70 3.49

Free lysine 0.05 0.96 0.78

Arginine 3.83 3.73 3.75

Histidine 2.84 3.08 3.00

Isoleucine 3.02 3.24 3.36

Leucine 11.1 11.8 12.4

Methionine 1.69 1.95 1.87

Phenylalanine 4.15 4.46 4.57

Threonine 2.91 3.05 3.03

Tryptophane 0.61 0.62 0.69

Valine 4.38 4.53 4.65

7.3 Fat and Fatty Acids result was a rapeseed oil with a low content

of 2.5% punicic acid, a C18:3 9cis, 11trans,
13cis fatty acid (Table 7.5).
Plant oils are very important energy
sources for humans and animals. Some
unsaturated fatty acids are characterized by
specii c health ef ects (Lunn and h eobald,
2006; Dyer et al ., 2008). h erefore, many
activities exist to increase the content of
specii c unsaturated fatty acids in oilseeds.
h e introduction of two new genes af ects
the expression of Δ6 and higher expression
of Δ15-desaturases (Fig. 7.1) and the
biosynthesis of a highly unsaturated fatty
acid with four double bonds (stearidonic
acid).
Stearidonic soybean oil contains between
20 and 30% stearidonic acid (SDA; C18:4
n-3), but the contents of oleic (C18:1) and

Genetically modii ed oilseeds are able to
express modii ed fatty acid patterns
(McKeon, 2003; Hirschi, 2009; see also
Chapter 12). h e expression of the gm-fad2-1
gene in soybeans results in a higher
concentration of oleic acid (C18:1) by
suppressing the expression of endogenous
FAD2-1 gene, which encodes an n-6 fatty
acid desaturase enzyme that catalyses
desaturation of linoleic acid (C18:2; Okuley
et al ., 1994; Heppard et al ., 1996; Small,
2007) to C18:1. More oleic acid in oil instead
of linoleic acid confers a higher oxidative
stability to the oil. Feeding studies were
done with full fat soybeans (Delaney et al .,
2008), with soybean oil or with soybean
meal (McNaughton et al ., 2008; Mejia et al .,
2010).
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may
inl uence the metabolism as well as body
composition and milk composition of
animals (Bauman and Lock, 2006; Pappritz
et al ., 2011; von Soosten et al ., 2012).
Hornung et al . (2002) and Iwabuchi et al .
(2003) introduced a conjugate gene isolated
from Tricosanthes kirilowii into Brassica
napus by using an Agrobacterium -mediated
transformation method to produce a
genetically modii ed rapeseed with CLA. h e

Table 7.5. Fatty acid composition (% of oil) of
rapeseed oil and punicic acid (PA) GM rapeseed
oil. (From Koba et al ., 2007.)
Fatty acids Rapeseed oil GM PA oil

C16:0 4.1 5.0

C18:0 1.5 1.7

C18:1 62.5 68.4

C18:2 19.3 15.3

C18:3 9.8 3.8

PA C18:3 0.0 2.5