Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Davoren et al. (
2007
) performed assays and reported SWNTS cytotoxicity in
humanlungepithelial(A549)cellsusingAlamarblue(AB),Neutralred(NR)and
3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). SWNTS
were less toxic to A549 cells. TEM studies revealed no intracellular accumulation
of SWNTS in the cells.
Karlssonetal.(
2008
)studiedthecomparativetoxicityofmetaloxideNPs,viz.,
CuO, TiO
2
, ZnO, CuZnFe
2
O
4
, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
and MWNTs on A549 cells. All NPs,
except Fe
3
O
4
and Fe
2
O
3
, induced DNA damage in the A549 cells. CuO was found to
bethemosttoxicagentamongalltestedNPs(Table
7
). Similar results for CuO NPs
werereportedbyAhamedetal.(
2010
). All these NPs were found to induce cytotox-
icity through loss of membrane integrity and inflammation.
Foldbjergetal.(
2009
)studiedtheeffectsofPVP-coatedAgNPs(69ﾱ3nm)at
varyingconcentrations(0.1-7.5 ʼg/mL)onahumanmonocyticcellline(THP-1).
Inductioninapoptosis/necrosiswasstudiedusingalowcytometricannexinV/prop-
idium iodide (PI) assay.Analysis using fluorogenic and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein
probesrevealedadrasticincreaseinreactiveoxygenspeciesafter6h(Table
7
).
Hussainetal.(
2005
) performed
in vitro
studies to understand the toxic effects of
silver(15,100nm),molybdenum(MoO
3
;30,150nm),aluminium(Al;30,103nm),
ironoxide(Fe
2
O
3
;30,47nm),andtitaniumdioxide(TiO
2
; 40 nm) NPs on a rat liver
cellline(BRL3A).Inaddition,micromoleculesofcadmiumoxide(CdO;1 ʼm),
manganeseoxide(MnO
2
;1-2 ʼm),andtungsten(W;27 ʼm) were studied to eluci-
datetheirtoxiceffectsonthissameBRL3Acellline.AgNPsat5-50 ʼg/mLcon-
centrations induced mitochondrial disruption, whereas all other NPs showed toxicity
athigherconcentrations(100-250ʼg/mL)(Table
7
). Microscopic analysis revealed
abnormal/irregularcellshapesandcellshrinkageathigherconcentrationsofNPs.
In addition, AgNPs were found to induce ROS generation in the BRL 3A cell line.
By using an
in vitro
MTT assay, combined with direct cell counting and
cytopathology,Magrezetal.(
2009
) reported a strong dose-dependent effect on cell
proliferation and cell viability of lung tumor cells after exposure to TiO
2
nanofila-
ments(2ʼg/mL).Incontrast,Xiaetal.(
2008
) reported antioxidant and cryoprotec-
tive activities of CeO
2
NPsonhumanbronchialepithelialcelllines(BEAS-2B)and
macrophages(RAW-264)(Table
7
).
Pisanic et al. (
2007
) reported a dose-dependent cytotoxicity of magnetic NPs
(MNPs)toaratpheochromocytomacellline(PC12M).Decreasedcellularviabil-
ity and neuritis extension was observed after exposure to increasing concentrations
of MNPs. Wu et al. (
2009
) reported that TiO
2
NPs were unable to penetrate the
isolatedporcineskinbefore24h.Along-termstudyonhairlessmicerevealedthe
presence of TiO
2
nanoparticle in almost every organ, including the liver and brain
(Table
7
)(Wuetal.
2009
).
Bullard-Dillard et al. (
1996
) studied the uptake of C
60
and
14
C-labelled
ammonium-salt-derivatized-C
60
by human keratinocyte cells. Both the NPs were
readilytakenupbycells.However,theuptakerateofthederivatizedC
60
was slower
thanfornon-derivatizedC
60
(Table
7
).Exposureofhumankeratinocytecellstoan
aqueoussuspensionofC60fullerenewitha
14
C-labeled core for 8 days resulted in
a 50% growth inhibition.
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