Release, Transport and Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 11

Table 3 A summary of studies in which the release of nanoparticles to the atmosphere has been
addressed
Study done Results obtained Reference

Release from the handling of surface
coatings

No significant released concentration
of <100 nm was detected

Vorbau et al.
( 2009 )

Release of CNTs during the disposal
of lithium-ion secondary batteries and
synthetic textiles, in landfills or
dumpsites or by lower temperature
incineration.

Observed release as dust particles
of CNT.

Koehler
etal.( 2008 )

Release from gas-stoves, electric
stoves and electric toasters

High concentrations of particles with
average diameter of 5 nm were found
from gas and electric stove, which
quicklycoagulate.

Wallace
etal.( 2008 )

62 printers tested for nanoparticles
release

40% emission of PM-2.5 with particle
sizerangeof7-500nm

He et al.
( 2007 )

Indoor and outdoor environment
nanoparticles coming from soot of
candle,woodorothercookingspecies
and diesel soot, soot from fires.

Most includes aggregates of
carbonaceous and MWNT, silica
and concentric fullerene.

Murr and
Garza( 2009 )

1999-2001studyconductedinMadrid
and Mexico city for the presence of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the
surface and the total active surface area
of nanoparticles present on the road.

Observe reduction in both
measurements.

Siegmann
etal.( 2008 )

PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration
study at 31 sites in Europe

Increased concentrations observed
during morning hours, relating to
increased traffic.

Dingenen
etal.( 2004 )

Urban and suburban aerosol levels
lookingattheeffectsofseasonal
variation, wind speed, traffic density
and temperature

90% of nanoparticles are found in urban
areasand70-80%insuburbanareas

Hussein
etal.( 2005 )

Study in southwest Detroit to establish
ultrafine number concentrations and
sizedistribution.

Majorsourcesofultraineswere
concluded to be from fossil fuel
combustion and atmospheric gas-to-
particle conversion of precursor gases

Young and
Keeler
( 2004 )

21daysstudyattwomajorroadsides
of EI Paso, USA

Mean average particle concentrations
noted to be 13,600 and 14,600 cm −3

Noble et al.
( 2003 )

surface water via atmospheric precipitation. Nanoclusters and polynuclear complexes
ofaluminium(Al 13 or Al 30 )(Caseyetal. 2001 ; Furrer et al. 2002 )andsulides(Cu 4 S 6 )
(LutherandRickard 2005 ) were reported to exist in natural water. Infiltration is the
major source of ground water recharge and is through which nanomaterials enter
groundwater(Greg 2004 ).
Nanomaterials are applied to remediate soil and water pollutants (Waychunas
et al. 2005 ; Yue and Economy 2005 ). In the near future, it is expected that wastes
from the nano-industry that are treated by municipalities and cities will be released
inplantefluents(Blaiseetal. 2008 ).