Respiratory and Cardiovascular Effects of Metals in Ambient Particulate Matter: A Critical Review - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 180

Table 9 No observable (NOAEL) and lowest observable adverse effect levels (LOAEL) fo r target metals in in vivo studies

Exposure
method

Form
of metal

Doses
(ratio animal/human) a

Study Signifi cant responses

Campen
et al. ( 2001 )

Inhalation;
rat

VSO 4 Saline Heart rate Core Temp . Arrhythmia

0.3 mg/m 3 (1,700,000) NOAEL = 0.9 mg/m 3 NOAEL = 0.9 mg/m 3 NOAEL = 1.7 mg/m 3

0.6 mg/m 3 (2,800,000) LOAEL = 1.7 mg/m 3 LOAEL = 1.7 mg/m 3 LOAEL = NA

0.9 mg/m 3 (5,000,000)
1.7 mg/m 3 (9,400,000)

NiSO 4 Saline NOAEL = 0.49 mg/m 3 NOAEL = 0.49 mg/m 3 NOAEL = 0.49 mg/m 3

0.37 mg/m 3 (1,700,000)
0.49 mg/m 3 (2,300,000) LOAEL = 1.3 mg/m 3 LOAEL = 1.3 mg/m 3 LOAEL = 1.3 mg/m 3

1.3 mg/m 3 (6,100,000)
2.1 mg/m 3 (9,900,000)

NiSO 4 +
VSO 4

Saline NOAEL = NA NOAEL = NA NOAEL = NA

0.5 mg/m 3 (1,300,000) LOAEL = 0.5 mg/m 3 LOAEL = 0.5 mg/m 3 LOAEL = 0.5 mg/m 3

1.3 mg/m 3 (3,300,000)