Respiratory and Cardiovascular Effects of Metals in Ambient Particulate Matter: A Critical Review - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 156

Table 5 (continued)

Sources or location Size fraction As Cu Fe Mn Ni V Zn Signifi cant fi ndings

Katowice, Poland Urban -- -- 881 (9.4) -- 4 (3.1) 4.2 (3.8) 121.3 (8.7)

Suburban -- -- 517 (5.5) -- 2.2 (1.7) 2.8 (2.5) 69 (4.9)

Budapest Urban -- -- 363 (3.9) -- 4.2 (3.2) 7.4 (6.7) 71.9 (5.1)

Athens Urban -- -- 1,110 (11.8) -- 5.3 (4.1) 8.6 (7.8) 92.8 (6.6)

Suburban -- -- 147 (1.6) -- 2.4 (1.8) 5.3 (4.8) 22.7 (1.6)

Effects of PM metals on cardiovascular function
Urch et al. ( 2004 )—Inhalation ambient C APS in Healthy Adults—Reported Concentrations in Air, ng/m 3 (Ratio to U.S. Average (STN))
Ontario

PM 2.5 Ambient -- 3.7 (0.7) 84 (0.9) 6.5 (2.2) 0.9 (0.7) 0.8 (0.7) 19 (1.4) No signifi cant associations for total PM2.5 or

transition metals with brachial artery diameter.

Effects of PM metals on indicators of infl ammation
Ghio and Devlin ( 2001 ), Ghio ( 2004 )—I nstillation PM Extract in Healthy Non-Smoking Adults, ʼ g metal/g PM (Ratio to U.S. Average (STN))
Utah Valley; Steel
Mill operating vs
not operating

PM Extract 1986 -- 402.8 (3.7) 82.2 (0.04) -- 17.6 (0.7) 6.0 (0.3) 1,276.5 (4.6) Exposure to aqueous extracts of PM collected

while mill was operational produced signifi cantly
greater infl ammatory response compared to
extract of PM when mill was not operational.

PM Extract 1987 -- 29.1 (0.3) 14.8 (0.01) -- 3.8 (0.1) 7.4 (0.3) 20.2 (0.1)

PM Extract 1988 -- 471.8 (4.4) 257.5 (0.14) -- 11.0 (0.4) 37.7 (1.7) 690.2 (2.5)

Huang et al. ( 2003 )—Inhalation of CAPS in Adults—Reported Concentrations in Air, ng/m 3 (Ratio to U.S. Average (STN))
Chapel Hill, NC

<PM 2.5 2.2 (2.8) 13.1 (2.4) 42.6 (0.5) -- 1.2 (0.9) 2.1 (1.9) 66.4 (4.7) Factor consisting of sulfate/Fe/Se was associated

with an increase in neutrophils in BALF.
Factor consisting of Cu/Zn/V was associated
with increase of fi brinogen in blood.