Respiratory and Cardiovascular Effects of Metals in Ambient Particulate Matter: A Critical Review - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 146

Table 4 (continued)

Sources or location Size fraction As Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Se Ti V Zn Signifi cant fi ndings

Effects of PM metals on general populations
Burnett et al. ( 2000 )—8 Canadian citie s
8 Canadian Cities PM 2.5 1 2.2 7.7 81 13 1.6 1 6.2 3.7 26 PM2.5, Fe, Ni and Zn signifi cantly

associated with mortality (1 day lag)

Dominici et al. ( 2007 )—60 US cities
60 US Cities PM 2.5 *** *** *** *** *** 1.9 1.2 -- 1.9 *** Reanalysis of data (Lippmann et al. 2006 ).

When NYC is removed from analyses
signifi cant effects of V and Ni were no
longer signifi cant

Franklin et al. ( 2008 )
25 US Cities PM 2.5 1.5 d *** -- *** *** 1.5 d -- -- *** *** Al, As, sulfate, Si and Ni as individual

components and combinations of Al, sulfate
and Ni signifi cantly associated with mortality.

Laden et al. ( 2000 )
6 US cities PM 2.5 -- -- 6.4-30 62-542 3.2-30 0.5-8.8 -- -- 0.1-23 14-138 In models with all individual elements,

sulfur, Pb and Ni signifi cantly associated
with mortality. V and Fe signifi cantly
related to mortality individually.

Lippmann et al. ( 2006 )
60 US cities PM 2.5 *** *** *** *** *** 1.9 1.2 -- 1.9 *** V and Ni signifi cantly associated with CV

mortality rates.

Ostro et al. ( 2008 )—Ethnic Subpopulation
California

PM 2.5 -- -- 7 124 -- -- -- 9 -- 12 Cu and Fe signifi cantly associated with

cardiovascular mortality

a “--” Metal not evaluated
b Only IQR values were provided
c “***” Metal evaluated, but no concentration provided
d Values were estimated from a graph