Respiratory and Cardiovascular Effects of Metals in Ambient Particulate Matter: A Critical Review - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 145

Table 4 PM 2.5 metal concentrations (ng/m 3 ) and associated health effects reported in epidemiological studies
Sources or location

Size fraction As Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Se Ti V Zn Signifi cant fi ndings

Effects of PM metals on sensitive populations
Bell et al. ( 2009 )—Persons 65 years or older
106 US Counties PM 2.5 2 -- a 5 101 -- 2 -- -- 3 17 V and Ni signifi cantly associated with

higher risk of cardiovascular and respiratory
hospitalization

Hirshon et al. ( 2008 )—Children aged 1 7 or younger in Greater Baltimore
Baltimore, MD -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 22.4 “Low” levels (<8.63) and “high” levels

(>20.76) of Zn were signifi cantly associated
with risk of pediatric asthma the following
day. No dose response relationship

Lipfert et al. ( 2006 )—US military veter ans over the age of 60 years
US PM 2.5 1.5 -- 4.3 82 3 1.7 1.4 -- 1.9 12 V and Ni signifi cantly associated with mortality

Ostro et al. ( 2007 )—Persons 65 years o r older
6 California Counties PM 2.5 -- 7 124 3 5 -- 9 2 12 Zn signifi cantly associated with mortality

(1-3 days lag). Cu, Fe, Mn, Ti and Zn
signifi cantly associated with mortality in
cooler months.

Ostro et al. ( 2009 )—Children less than age of 19
6 California Counties PM 2.5 7.7 130 12 Cu, Fe, K and Zn were signifi cantly

associated with hospital admissions for
respiratory symptoms at 1 and 3 days lags

Patel et al. ( 2009 )—Children 2 years an d younger
New York, NY PM 2.5 b -- -- 14 3 18 V and Ni signifi cantly associated with

“Wheeze” symptoms.

Suh et al. ( 2011 )—Persons 64 years an d older in Atlanta
Atlanta GA

PM 2.5 b -- -- *** c *** *** -- *** -- *** Cu, Fe, Mn, Ti and Zn signifi cantly

associated with increased odds of hospital
admission for cardiovascular disease
(continued)