Respiratory and Cardiovascular Effects of Metals in Ambient Particulate Matter: A Critical Review - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 140

Table 2 Mean ambient concentrations of PM 2.5 and target elements and target metal concentration as a percent of PM 2.5 reported by nationwide networks and
in selected studies

PM 2.5 As Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Se Ti V Zn

ng/m 3 ng/m 3 ng/m 3 ng/m 3 ng/m 3 ng/m 3 ng/m 3 ng/m 3 ng/m 3 ng/m 3

Network name or study/reference Location ʼ g/m 3 % % % % % % % % % %

IMPROVE 2006 National Parks 0.1 0.8 46 1.3 0.3 0.4 3.9 0.5 4.3

5.4 0.2 a

0.003 0.002 0.015 0.855 0.024 0.005 0.007 0.072 0.010 0.079

NAPS 2008 25 Canadian Sites 7.5 -- b 0.3 -- 53 2.7 1.9 0.5 2.6 1.0 12

0.004 0.708 0.036 0.025 0.007 0.034 0.013 0.164

STN 2008 U.S. Urban Areas 12 0.8 2.3 5.4 94 3.0 1.3 0.5 2.5 1.1 14

0.006 0.019 0.043 0.759 0.024 0.010 0.004 0.020 0.009 0.111

Götschi ( 2005 ) 21 European

Cities

17 5.8 c -- 6.5 76 3.3 -- -- 4.0 3.6 39

0.035 0.039 0.461 0.020 0.024 0.022 0.233

Burnett ( 2000 ) 8 Canadian Cities 13 0.9 2.2 7.7 81 13 1.6 1.0 6.2 3.7 26

0.007 0.017 0.058 0.611 0.101 0.012 0.008 0.047 0.028 0.194

Connell ( 2006 ) Steubenville, OH NR 1.6 NR 3.2 272 15 1.1 3.3 17 1.5 84

TEACH (Kinney 2008 ) d Los Angeles, CA 13 0.4 1.8 4.9 144 5.1 6.9 2.0 12 4.9 43

0.003 0.014 0.038 1.114 0.039 0.053 0.015 0.095 0.038 0.333