Environmental Engineering Reference
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range overlaps with the range of BeP/BaP in petrogenic sources. The combustion of
bituminous and anthracite coals yields BeP/BaP ratios higher than 1.5 and 2.5,
respectively. The combustion of diesel and gasoline occasionally yields higher
ratios. Therefore, a limited number of sources may be discriminated by using the
BeP/BaP ratio (e.g., wood soots seem to have a narrow range for BeP/BaP; Fig.
18
).
Further study is necessary to verify the applicability of the BeP/BaP ratio under
environmental conditions, especially in regard to the reactivity of BaP in air
(Abrajano et al.
2003
). Thus, the BeP/BaP ratio is suitable for non-atmospheric
pyrogenic characterization (BeP/BaP <1) because of the low concentrations of these
isomers in petrogenic products (e.g., fuel oils, crudes) and because sediments pro-
tect BeP and BaP from degradation to the same degree.
5.6.2
Ratio of Benzo[
b
]luoranthene to Benzo[
k
]luoranthene
The ratio of benzo[
b
]luoranthene to benzo[
k
]luoranthene (BbF/BkF) has been
used to differentiate between two or more pyrogenic sources in urban soils or in
sediments (e.g., Morillo et al.
2008b
; Walker and Dickhut
2001
). The BbF/BkF has
distinct values for pyrogenic emissions for an aluminum smelter (2.5-2.9), coke
oven (3.7), motor vehicles (1.3), creosote (1.2) and wood soot (0.9) (Dickhut et al.
2000
; Fig.
19
; Stout et al.
2003
; Tobiszewski and Namiesnik
2012
). BbF/BkF cor-
relates with coal rank or with other petrogenic PAHs (Jiang et al.
2009
; Stout and
Emsbo-Mattingly
2008
).
Weathering or urban background may limit the applicability of BbF/BkF for dif-
ferent creosote types (Stout et al.
2003
). However, under aerobic degradation and
evaporation conditions, the BbF/BkF ratio is minimally influenced (Uhler and
Emsbo-Mattingly
2006
).
Fig. 19
LPAH
/
HPAH
as a proxy of weathering and how certain ratios may be compromised after
weathering. See Table
1
for PAH abbreviations. Adapted from Stout et al. (
2003
)
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