A Review of Abrupt Climate Change Events in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean (Iberian Margin): Latitudinal, Longitudinal, and Vertical Gradients - Abrupt Climate Change: Mechanisms, Patterns, and Impacts - page 19

Vema fracture zone at 11°N and the Iberian and Tagus
abyssal plains partly as intensified current through the Dis-
covery Gap near 37°N [Saunders, 1987]. The NEADW is a
mixture between Iceland-Scotland Over

mostly off NW Africa, and for those cores for which we
recalculated SST (MD95-2040, MD01-2443, MD01-2444,
MD99-2339), interstadial and interglacial temperatures are
often slightly ( ow Water, LSW,

LDW, and MOW with the contributions of LDW and MOW
increasing to the south [van Aken, 2000]. The admixing of
MOW into the NEADW explains why salinities (Figure 2)
and temperatures are higher in the eastern than in the western
basin for equivalent depths down to 2500 m.

0.2°C) warmer than those previously pub-
lished. We present only summer (July/August/September)
temperatures (SST su ), but temperatures for the other seasons
as well as the standard deviations derived from the minimum
and maximum values of the selected nearest neighbors are
available from the World Data Centre-Mare through the par-
ent link http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.737449.
The methodical error for the SIMMAX-based SST recon-
structions is ±0.8°C [Salgueiro et al., 2010]. For core MD99-
2331 and the MIS 3 section of core MD95-2042, SST values
depicted in Figure 3 are from the work of Sánchez-Goñi et al.
[2008] and represent August SST. For core MD95-2042, the
Sánchez-Goñi et al. [2008] August SST do not differ signif-
icantly from those obtained by Salgueiro et al. [2010] for the
lower-resolution counts done by Cayre et al. [1999], so that
the records of MD95-2042 and MD99-2331 are comparable
to the other ones shown in Figure 3.
Foraminifer-based stable isotope data were measured
either at Marum, University Bremen (Germany), in the God-
win Laboratory, Cambridge University (United Kingdom),
in the Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable
Isotope Research or at IfM-Geomar, the latter two in Kiel

≈

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Most of the records shown here are from Calypso piston
cores retrieved with R/VMarion Dufresne II (IPEV) during the

first IMAGES cruise in 1995 (MD95-) [Bassinot and Labeyrie,
1996], the

fifth IMAGES cruise in 1999 (MD99-) [Labeyrie
et al., 2003], the Geosciences cruise in 2001 (MD01-), and the
PICABIA cruise in 2003 (MD03-). Details on core locations
and respective water depths are given in Table 1.
Planktic foraminifer census counts were done in the frac-
tion >150 µm. In general, SST data were calculated with the
SIMMAX transfer function [P aumann et al., 1996] using

an extended (1066 samples) version of the Salgueiro et al.
[2010] database that is well suited for SST reconstructions in
the eastern North Atlantic. The additional samples are located

Table 1. List of Core Sites and References for Data and Age Models
Core Number Longitude Latitude Water Depth (m) Data Sources Age Model

SU92-03 43.20°N 10.11°W 3005 Salgueiro et al. [2010] Salgueiro et al. [2010]: GISP2

MD99-2331 42.15°N 9.68°W 2110 Sánchez-Goñi et al. [2008] Sánchez-Goñi et al. [2008]:

NGRIP tuned

MD95-2040 40.58°N 9.86°W 2465 de Abreu et al. [2003]; Schönfeld

et al. [2003]; Pailler and Bard
[2002]; this study

Salgueiro et al. [2010] for MIS 1-3,
MIS 4-5 tuned to MD95-2042;
MIS 6: Margari et al. [2010];
≥ MIS 7: tuned to LR04

MD03-2698 38.24°N 10.39°W 4602 Lebreiro et al. [2009] Lebreiro et al. [2009]

MD95-2041 37.83°N 9.52°W 1123 Voelker et al. [2009]; this study Voelker et al. [2009] and tuning to

MD95-2042 for >30 ka

MD95-2042 37.80°N 10.17°W 3146 Cayre et al. [1999]; Shackleton

et al. [2000]; Sánchez-Goñi et al.
[2008]; this study (SIMMAX SST)

Shackleton et al. [2000]: GISP2

MD99-2334K 37.80°N 10.17°W 3146 Skinner et al. [2003] Skinner et al. [2003]: GISP2

MD01-2443 37.88°N 10.18°W 2941 de Abreu et al. [2005]; Tzedakis et al.

[2004]; Martrat et al. [2007];
this study

Tzedakis et al. [2009]: tuned to EDC3

MD01-2444 37.57°N 10.13°W 2656 Vautravers and Shackleton [2006];

Martrat et al. [2007]; [Skinner
and Elderfield [2007]; this study
(SIMMAX SST)

Vautravers and Shackleton [2006]
modified to GISP2 ages for MIS 3
and Martrat et al. [2007]

MD99-2336 36.72°N 8.26°W 690 Voelker et al. [2009]; this study Voelker et al. [2009] and tuning to

MD95-2042 for MIS 4

MD99-2339 35.89°N 7.53°W 1170 Voelker et al. [2006, 2009]; this study Voelker et al. [2006]