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other powerful sports provinces exhibited higher level of allocation efficiency of
competitive sports resources. Four explanations can be forwarded for the spatial
variations in allocation efficiency of competitive sports resources in China. First,
funding for the development of competitive sports in eastern provinces was much
higher than other ones. Second, sports science research institutes are mainly concen-
trated in eastern areas. The high output of innovative knowledge and human resources
laid solid base for the optimal allocation of competitive sports resources. Third, the
development of sports industry and sports consumption was much faster in eastern
regions than the counterparts, increasing the allocation efficiency of competitive
sports resources. Last, the historical dual “urban-rural” division not only imbalanced
the development of urban and rural, but also highlighted the low allocation level of
competitive sports resources in western areas. Given the temporal trends, the alloca-
tion efficiency of competitive sports resources in most provinces remained low and
stable. Specifically, the allocation efficiency of competitive sports resources in central
and western provinces remained low across the years. Sichuan, Hubei and Zhejiang
provinces witnessed increases in the allocation efficiency of competitive sports re-
sources. These can be attributed to the increased sports funding, transformation of
sports industry development mode and introduction of talents.
Fig. 1.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of allocation efficiency of competitive sports resources in
China between 2003 and 2008
The catastrophe model combined the hierarchical indices system using the catas-
trophe fuzzy membership functions, rather than weights assigned by the users. Such
operation is thus believed to reduce subjectivity and uncertainty [2]. The whole calcu-
lation, mainly depending on suitable membership degree functions (cusp, fold, swal-
lowtail and butterfly model), requires a relatively low level of technical expertise,
making the modeling procedures simple and operational. In addition, the data re-
quirements in this study were low, since all the data were publicly available. It is
found that the assessment results approximated reality quite well by reflecting the
allocation efficiency of competitive sports resources in China across time and space.
As a result, the catastrophe model presented in this paper is applicable enough to
other nations. Of importance is to realize that the allocation mode, management and
regulation of competitive sports resources, as well as social expectations, may be
quite different in other nations. Besides, indices in the “input-output” framework are
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