Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
(viii) If the atmospheric concentration of sulfur dioxide is 10 ppb,
calculate the following:
(i) the atmospheric concentration expressed in mgm
3
at one
atmospheric pressure and 251C. (Use the fact that 1 mol of
any gas (64 g in the case of sulfur dioxide) occupies 22.4 L
at STP)
(ii) the deposition flux to the surface if the deposition velocity is
1.0 cm s
1
(iii) the atmospheric lifetime with respect to dry deposition for a
mixing depth of 800 m
(iv) the atmospheric lifetime with respect to oxidation by hy-
droxyl radical if the diurnally averaged OH radical concen-
tration is 8
10
5
cm
3
and the rate constant for the SO
2
-
OH reaction is 9
10
13
cm
3
molec
1
s
1
(v) the lifetime with respect to wet deposition if the washout
coefficient is 10
4
s
1
.
(ix) Explain the thermodynamic controls on biological reduction
processes in aquatic sediments and explain how these influence
the chemical forms of nitrogen in the environment.
(x) If any organic chemical has a log K
ow
of 4.3 and a river water
concentration of 10 mgL
1
, what concentration is predicted
to occur in fish if assumed to have a 50% organic matter
(lipid) content (assume that the fish and the water are of equal
density).
REFERENCES
1. W.H. Schroeder and D.A. Lane, Environ. Sci. Technol.,1988,22,240.
2. R.M. Harrison and D.P.H. Laxen, Lead Pollution: Causes and
Control, Chapman & Hall, London, 1981.
3. P. Brimblecombe, Air Composition and Chemistry, 2nd edn, Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
4. J.-P. Candelone, S. Hong, C. Pellone and C.F. Boutron, J. Geophys.
Res., 1995, 100, 16605-16616.
5. B.J. Finlayson-Pitts and J.N. Pitts Jr., Atmospheric Chemistry,
Wiley, Chichester, 1986.
6. C.N. Hewitt and R.M. Harrison, Atmos. Environ., 1985, 19, 545.
7. J.A. Garland, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 1977, 354, 245.
8. S. Yamulki, R.M. Harrison and K.W.T. Goulding, Atmos. Environ.,
1996, 30, 109-118.
9. R.S. Cambray and J.D. Eakins, Nature, 1982, 300, 46.
10. P.A. Cawse, UKAEA Report No. AERE-9851, 1980.
