Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Intensity-duration relationships
: observations of rainfall intensity suggest
an inverse non-linear relationship between the maximum intensity,
I
, of
rainfall and duration,
t,
over which that intensity persist
s
that applies to
storm totals for regions (and the globe) and within-storm intensity (
I
●
=
k t
−
n
is often assumed).
Statistics of extremes
: in hydrological design, the frequency of rare
precipitation events is estimated by fitting an assumed probability distribution
to data records of limited duration, then extrapolating to extreme probabilities
(not sampled) to estimate the likelihood of the event (see text for an example).
●
Conditional probabilities
: because weather systems have finite lifetimes,
stochastic techniques can be used to calibrate numerical models of day-to-
day persistence in precipitation data records which can then be used to
calculate long synthetic precipitation records that have the same persistence
characteristics.
●
References
Bartholomew, J.C. (1970)
Advanced Atlas of Modern Geography
. J.C. Bartholomew,
Edinburgh.
Brutsaert, W. (2005)
Hydrology: An Introduction.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Cornish, P.M. (1977) Changes in seasonal and annual rainfall in New South Wales.
Search
,
8
, 38-40.
East African Meteorological Department (1966) Monthly
and Annual Rainfall in Tanganyika
and Zanzibar during years 1931 to 1960
, East African Meteorological Department,
Nairobi.
Kraus, E.B. (1955) Secular changes in tropical rainfall regimes.
Quarterly Journal of the
Royal Meteorological Society
,
81
, 198-210.
Sumner, G.N. (1978) The prediction of short-duration storm intensity maxima.
Journal
of Hydrology
,
37
, 91-100.
Sumner, G.N. (1988)
Precipitation Process and Analysis
. John Wiley and Sons, Bath, UK.
Vines, R.G. (1982) Rainfall patterns in the western United States.
Journal of Geophysical
Research
,
(C9), 7303-11.
WMO (1986) Manual for Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation.
Operational
Hydrology Report No. 1
, WMO-No 332, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.
Yap, O. (1973) The persistence of wet and dry spells in Sungei Buloh, Selangor.
Meteorological
Magazine
,
87
102
, 240-45.
