Environmental Engineering Reference
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inadequate application of quality assurance and quality control steps during the
original analyses. Future studies need to be calibrated with standard reference mate-
rials that have certifi ed values for silver, and intercalibrated with measurements made
by other institutions. Those criteria are benchmarks for the international GEOTRACES
program, and they certainly apply to future new measurements of silver to be made
in the oceans.
Finally, new tools are needed to resolve open questions about silver fl uxes and
biogeochemical cycling in the oceans. Variations in silver isotopic ratios ( δ 107/109 Ag)
have been reported between standard materials of different environmental media,
including sediment, industrial and domestic sludge, and fi sh liver (Luo et al. 2010 ).
Consequently, variations in that ratio may be used to fi ngerprint different sources of
silver in the environment and study its biogeochemical cycle in the oceans. Similarly,
more sophisticated models should be developed and used to assess the validity of the
assumed chemical properties and behavior of silver compounds in the water column
and sediments, and to improve our understanding of anthropogenic perturbations of
its cycle and identify areas for additional measurements. Lastly, we endorse the
suggestion by McKay and Pedersen ( 2008 ) that the applicability of sedimentary
silver as a proxy of paleoproductivity needs to be determined.
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