Agricultural Settlement and Land Use in Mountains - Mountain Geography: Physical and Human Dimensions - page 589

target (see Chapter 12). Examples include agroforestry systems based on indigenous
technologies in East African highlands; improved community forestry programs in the
Middle Hills of Nepal, India, and Pakistan; and widespread use of cover crops/green ma-
nures, and farmer-centered community-based agricultural research and development
programs in the Central American highlands. These mountain residents capitalize on
rich natural resources, a well-developed social network of trust and shared expertise,
and abundant labor with an excellent work ethic. People in areas endowed with these
assets—including much of the developing world—are especially able to improve land
care and per capita income if they have reasonable access to financial capital and basic
infrastructure improvements.
For more information on this very interdisciplinary field, readers should consult the
rich variety of academic journals in geography, anthropology, environmental science,
soils and agronomy, political science, development, and forestry. In particular, Mountain
Research and Development, The Himalayan Research Bulletin, and the Journal of Sus-
tainable Forestry devote considerable focus to agroecological issues in mountain ter-
rain.
References
Aase, T. H., Chapagain, P. S., and Tiwari, P. C. 2013. Innovation as an expression of ad-
aptive capacity to change in Himalayan farming. Mountain Research and Develop-
ment 33: 4-10.
Arnold, J. E. M., and Ruiz Pérez, M. 2000. Income from non-timber forest products. In
M. F. Price and N. Butt, N., Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: A State of
Knowledge Report for 2000 (pp. 300-306). Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Azhar-Hewitt, F. 1999. Women of the high pastures and the global economy: Reflections
on Pakistan. Mountain Research and Development 19: 141-151.
Baker, J. M. 2005. The Kuhls of Kangra: Community-Managed Irrigation in the Western
Himalaya. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Banks, T. 1997. Pastoral land tenure reform and resource management in northern Xinji-
ang: A new institutional perspective. Nomadic Peoples 1: 55-76.
Barrow, C. J. 1999. Alternative Irrigation: The Promise of Runoff Agriculture. London:
Earthscan.
Blatner, K. A., Bonongwe, C. S. L., and Carroll, M. S. 2000. Adopting agroforestry: Evid-
ence from central and northern Malawi. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 11: 41-69.
Bollig, M., and Göbel, G. 1997. Risk, uncertainty and pastoralism: An introduction. No-
madic Peoples 1: 5-21.
Boyd, W., Prudham, W. S., and Schuman, R. A. 2001. Industrial dynamics and the prob-
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ica. In N. J. R. Allan, G. W. Knapp, and C. Stadel, eds., Human Impact on Mountains
(pp. 116-126). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.