Geography Reference
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pite the barriers represented by the Mediterranean Sea and the Saharan and Middle
East deserts, and may have benefited from cooler and more moist conditions during
the Pleistocene (Smith and Cleef 1988), similar to those suggested for other areas bor-
dering desert regions (e.g., Major and Bamberg 1967b; Hadley 1987). In Australasia,
the east-west orientation of the Himalaya has been less effective in hindering the ex-
change of mountain species because of its large geographic extent and the presence of
the Hengduan and adjoining ranges in Malaysia and Indonesia (Van Steenis 1934, 1935,
1962, 1964; Raven 1973).
TABLE 7.1
Relative Differences between Alpine and Arctic Environments
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