Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
9
Skin Electro
poration: Modeling Perspectives
S. M. Becker
Institute for Thermo-Fluid Dynamics, Hamburg University of Technology
Hamburg, Germany
A. V. Kuznetsov
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC
CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction ................................................................. 332
9.2 Transdermal Drug Delivery ................................................. 332
9.3 The Skin as a Composite ................................................... 333
9.4 Stratum Corneum and the Lipid Barrier ................................... 334
9.5 Nondestructive Transport Modeling: The SC as a Porous Medium ........ 334
9.5.1 Brick and Mortar Models ........................................... 335
9.5.2 Models Based on Lipid Microstructure: Free Volume Diffusion .... 338
9.5.3 Aqueous Pore-Membrane Models ................................... 339
9.6 Skin Electroporation ........................................................ 342
9.6.1 Short Pulse (Nonthermal) .......................................... 342
9.6.2 Long Pulse (Thermal) .............................................. 344
9.6.3 LTR: Experimental Observation .................................... 345
9.6.4 Lipid Thermal Phase Transitions ................................... 346
9.7 Skin Electroporation Models (Nonthermal) ................................ 348
9.7.1 Single Bilayer Electroporation Modeling ........................... 348
9.7.2 Empirical Models ................................................... 350
9.8 Thermodynamic Approach ................................................. 353
9.8.1 Fully Thermodynamic Approach ................................... 354
9.8.2 LTR Lipid Thermal Phase Change ................................. 354
9.8.3 Transport............................................................ 356
9.8.4 Thermal Energy ..................................................... 357
9.9 Conclusions ................................................................. 359
9.10 References ................................................................... 359
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for its generous Fellow-
ship awarded to Dr. Sid Becker. The authors also greatly appreciate the generosity of Prof.
Heinz Herwig who provided facilities at the Institute for Thermo-Fluid Dynamics, Hamburg
University of Technology, and whose insights and encouragement greatly benefited the
authors.
331
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