Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(a)
OPL
hc
hc
bc
INL
bc
ac
ac
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Figure 18.2.
NPCs implanted into the developing retina (Sakaguchi et al. 2003). Used with
permission from Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
stem cells, then scientists must fi rst completely learn to control stem cells
(Lindvall et al. 2004; Marshall et al. 2006). Additionally, understanding the pro-
cesses that occur in the diseased or injured CNS is necessary for cell-based thera-
pies to overcome limited therapeutic capability.
18.4 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DAMAGE AND REPAIR
Generally, when injury occurs in the body, the immune system's macrophages
remove damaged cells and debris while releasing substances that promote healing
or growth. However, the blood-spine barrier slows and limits macrophage entry
only to the site of trauma where the blood-spine barrier is weak (Lazarov-
Spiegler et al. 1996; Schmidt and Leach 2003). When the spinal cord is injured,
neurons and neural connections are destroyed and debris is created. Many glyco-
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