Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
16.3 Types of Materials for Bone Applications
559
16.3.1 Bioceramics
559
16.3.2 Polymers
560
16.3.2.1 Natural Polymers
560
16.3.2.2 Synthetic Polymers
560
16.3.3 Nano - HA/Collagen - Based Composites
561
16.3.4 Nanofi brous Composites
565
16.3.5 Cell - Material Constructs (e.g., Stem Cell or Osteoblast/
Material Constructs)
566
16.3.5.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) - Material Constructs
566
16.3.5.2 Non - Mensenchymal Stem Cells (Non - MSCs) - Material
Constructs
569
16.3.6 Peptide - Based Materials
570
16.3.7 Gene - Based Materials
572
16.4 Sources of Stem Cells Used for Bone Tissue Engineering to Increase
Osteogenic Differentiation
574
16.4.1 Adipose - Derived Stem Cells
574
16.4.2 Bone Marrow - Derived Stem Cells
575
16.4.3 MSCs Derived from Other Sources
576
16.5 Current Perspective
577
16.6 Conclusion
578
References
579
16.1 INTRODUCTION
In the twenty - fi rst century, the world has evolved into a sophisticated society
whereby affl uence has a direct infl uence of increasing the average lifespan of an
individual. The aging population is a worldwide phenomenon that brings a new
set of problems as governments have to battle with the ever-increasing healthcare
costs whilst delivering healthcare services which are accessible to the public.
Degenerative bone disorders such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis (OA) and
Paget's disease are common in the elderly and often lead to fractures of the bone.
It is estimated that 40% of women over the age of 50 will experience an
osteoporotic fracture. Consequently, joint diseases are prevalent in older patients,
of which half of all chronic conditions will be associated with patients aged 65
years and above
1
. Paget's disease is a localized disorder of bone remodeling,
affecting two to three percent of those over the age of 60 in the U.S.
2
Genetic
bone disorders such as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) or brittle-bone disease and
fi brous dysplasia are some examples that also call for therapeutic treatments. The
prevalence of OI was reported to range from one per 10,000, to one per 20,000
live births
3
. In such instances, bone grafts are employed to treat the ramifi cations
of these diseases that is, to replace the loss of the natural bone.
Other cases that involve the use of bone grafts are trauma caused by either
accidents or falls, and injuries due to sports. Conventional biomaterials that
involve metals, ceramics, and non-degradable polymers are permanent implants,
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