FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROXYAPATITE AND RELATED CALCIUM PHOSPHATES - Advanced Biomaterials: Fundamentals, Processing, and Applications - page 18

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FUNDAMENTALS OF
HYDROXYAPATITE AND
RELATED CALCIUM
PHOSPHATES

1 Racquel Zapanta LeGeros, 2 Atsuo Ito, 3 Kunio Ishikawa,
4 Toshiro Sakae, and 1 John P. LeGeros
1 Calcium Phosphate Research Laboratory, Department of Biomaterials &
Biomimetics New York University College of Dentistry, New York,
New York, USA
2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,
Tsukuba, Japan
3 Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
4 Nihon University School of Dentistry, Matsudo, Japan

Contents

2.1 Overview 20

2.2 Introduction 20

2.3 Fundamentals of Hydroxyapatite 23

2.3.1 Structure and Properties of Hydroxyapatite, HA and Calcium - Defi cient
Apatite, CDA

23

2.3.2 Substitutions in the Apatite Structure 25

2.3.2.1 Fluoride or Chloride Incorporation 25

2.3.2.2 Carbonate Incorporation 27

2.3.2.3 Simultaneous Incorporation of Carbonate and Fluoride 33

2.3.2.4 Incorporation of Cations Substituting for Calcium Ions 34

2.3.2.5 Incorporation of Anions Substituting for the Phosphate Ions 34