NANOMATERIALS FOR IMPROVED ORTHOPEDIC AND BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS - Advanced Biomaterials: Fundamentals, Processing, and Applications - page 229

Obviously, further tests and studies concerning the toxicity of nanophase ma-
terials need to be conducted and expanded before the benefi ts of nanotechnology
in orthopedic applications can be realized. However, it is important to emphasize
that such studies need accurate comparisons when determining health infl uences
of nanometer compared with conventionally-sized particles of the same size and
crystallinity.
In summary, despite the challenges that lie ahead, signifi cant evidence now
exists elucidating that nanomaterials represent an important growing area of re-
search that may improve bonding between an implant and surrounding bone.
Even if nanophase materials do not provide the ultimate answer for increasing
bone cell responses, research has provided a tremendous amount of information
concerning bone cell recognition with nanostructured surfaces that will most cer-
tainly aid in improving orthopedic implant effi cacy.
REFERENCES
1. Joos , U. , Wiesmann , H. P. , Szuwart , T. and Meyer , U. , Mineralization at the interface
of implants, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. , volume: 35 , 2006 , pp. 783 - 790 .
2. Charnley, J., Anchorage of the fermoral head prosthesis to the shaft of the femur,
Journal of bone joint surgery , volume: 42B , 1960 , pp. 28 - 30 .
3. Charnley , J. , Surgery of the hip - joint: present and future developments , Br. Me. J. ,
volume: 5176 , 1960 , pp. 821 - 826 .
4. Frankowski , J. J. and Watkins - Castillo , S. , Primary total knee and hip arthroplasty
projections for the U.S. population to the year 2030, American Academy of Ortho-
paedic Surgeons , Rosemont, IL, reviewed by T. P. Sculco and S. M. Sporer , August
23, 2002 .
5. AAOS online, http://www.aaos.org/research/research.asp
6. Bozic , K. J. , Rubash , H. E. , Berry , J. , Saleh , K. J. and Durbhakula , S. M. , Modes of
failure in revision hip and knee replacement.
7. Revisions of Hip and Knee Replacements in Canada, Canadian Joint Replacement
Registry Analytic Bulletin: Canadian Institute for Health Information, June 2004, pp.
1 - 20 .
8. Branemark , P. I. , Adell , R. , Albrektsson , T. , Lekholm , U. , Lundkvist , S. and Rockler ,
B. , Osseointegrated titanium fi xtures in the treatment of edentulousness, Bioma-
terials , volume: 4 , 1983 , pp. 25 - 28 .
9. Webster, T. J., Nanophase ceramics: the future orthopedic and dental implant mate-
rial . Advances in Chemical Engineering , pp. 125 - 166 , J. Y. Ying (eds.), Academic
Press: A Harcourt Science and Technology company , 2001 .
10. Esposito , M. , Hirsh , J. M. , Lekholm , U. and Thomsen , P. , Biological factors contrib-
uting to failures of osseointegrated oral implants (I): Success criteria and epidemiol-
ogy , European Journal of Oral Sciences , volume: 106 , 1998 , pp. 527 - 551 .
11. Esposito , M. , Hirsh , J. M. , Lekholm , U. and Thomsen , P. , Biological factors contrib-
uting to failures of osseointegrated oral implants (II): Etiopathogenesis, European
Journal of Oral Sciences , volume: 106 , 1998 , pp. 721 - 764 .