Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Nanophase material
Nanostructured bone
Improved
mechanical and
electrical properties
Collagen fibers
Large fibers
Osteons
1 μ
m
Layers in the osteon
Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite hydrogel scaffolds
Microfibril with
hydroxyapatite
Nano topography and
surface chemistry
increasing
protein adsorption,
osteoblast functions and
rapidly inducing
osseointegration
Biomimetic features
8
Compact bone
8
6
6
4
4
μ m
2
μ
m
Excellent cytocompatibility compared
to conventional materials
2
0
0
Nanophase material
Nanophase material
Nanophase material
Conventional material
Conventional material
Conventional material
Protein adsorption on
substrates immediately
Osteoblast attachment and
proliferation (0-3 days)
Osteoblast differentiation and
bone remodeling (>21 days)
Figure 7.13. Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism of the superior properties
of nanomaterials over conventional materials to improve orthopedic applications. Com-
pared to conventional micron-scale materials, nanomaterials have enhanced mechanical,
cytocompatibility and electrical properties, which make them suitable for orthopedic and
bone tissue engineering applications. The nano and bioactive surfaces of nanomaterials
mimicking bones can promote greater amounts of protein adsorption and effi ciently
stimulate more new bone formation than conventional materials. Redrawn from [135-137].
(See color insert.)
other properties (such as electrical and mechanical) compared to respective
conventional materials. These superior properties of nanomaterials provide great
promise to use them as the next generation of biomaterials for a wide range of
tissue engineering applications.
7.4 FUTURE CHALLENGES
Nanotechnology applications are entering industrial production, mainly for
diagnostics, drugs, and other medical therapies. Particularly for orthopedic
applications, nano-meter scale modifi cations of implant surfaces would improve
durability and biocompatibility.
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