SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATED TITANIUM DENTAL IMPLANT SYSTEMS - Advanced Biomaterials: Fundamentals, Processing, and Applications - page 165

the incubation time, bone-like hydroxyapatite crystals can be formed by treating
the TiO 2 surface with water and hydrogen plasma immersion ion implantation,
followed by immersion in SBF [Xie et al., 2005], or by treating in hydrogen per-
oxide followed by SBF immersion [Rohanizadeh et al., 2004], or immersion in
SBF while treating the TiO 2 surface with micro-arc oxidation and irradiation with
UV light [Kim et al., 2005]. It is also known that P ions can be incorporated into
TiO 2 while it is immersed in the human serum [Healy et al., 1992a].
Bony growth super-surface zones should have a same roughness as the
roughness of receiving hard tissue through micro-porous texturing techniques.
This area can be structured using nanotube concepts [Frosch et al., 2004; Macak
et al., 2005; Oh et al., 2005]. Because this zone responds strongly to osseointegra-
tion, the structure, as well as the chemistry, should accommodate favorable osteo-
inductive reactions. Bone morphogenetic protein [Jetro, 1992; McAlarney et al.,
1994; Klinger et al., 1996], and nano-apatite can be coated [Pham et al., 2003].
The zone may be treated by femtosecond laser machining [Hollander et al., 2006]
to build a micro-scale three-dimensional scaffold which is structured inside the
macro-porosities. Such scaffolding can be made of biodegradable material (such
as, chitosan), which is incorporated with protein, Ca, P, apatite particles or other
species possessing bone growth factors.
5.6 CONCLUSIONS
To meet cruicial requirements for successful implant developments and biofunc-
tionality, mechanical and morphological gaps between foreign Ti implant surface
and host receiving hard tissue should be gradually fi lled, so that retention of osseo-
integrated implant/bone interfacial zone should be strong and stress fi eld at the
interfacial zone can be minimized. Based on what has been done and researched
in various implantology sectors, a new implant system was proposed.
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