SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATED TITANIUM DENTAL IMPLANT SYSTEMS - Advanced Biomaterials: Fundamentals, Processing, and Applications - page 148

90

80

4

70

1

3

9

60

8

50

6

40

2

5

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0

0 1 2

Roughness average : R a

3 4

( μ m)

Figure 5.3. Relationhsip between surface roughness and surface contact angle of variously
treated commercially-pure titanium (ASTM CpT Grade 4).

continuous CL measurement over 120 minutes. SEM evaluation was preformed.
Results indicated that: AK- and HP-treated surfaces produced signifi cantly
higher CL responses than cells for AC-treated surface (p

0.001); SEM evalua-
tion revealed some neutrophil attachment onto the AK- and HP-treated sub-
strate, suggesting that cells were viable with normal function, and; these results
indicate that both AK- and HP-treated surfaces (which were covered with a
mixture of rutile and anatase type TiO 2 oxide fi lms) are capable of priming neu-
trophils, when compared to AC-treated surface which was covered only with
rutile oxide [Oshida, 2007c].
Using Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) to study the change in the com-
position of the titanium surface during implantation in human bone, it was
observed that the oxide formed on titanium implants grows and takes up minerals
during the implantation [McQueen et al., 1982; Sundgren et al., 1986]. The growth
and uptake occur even though the adsorbed layer of protein is present on the
oxide, indicating that mineral ions pass through the adsorbed protein. It was
shown that, using Fourier Transform Infrared Refl ection Absorption Spectros-
copy (FTIR-RAS), phosphate ions are adsorbed by the titanium surface after the
protein has been adsorbed. Using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [Lied-
berg et al., 1984], it was demonstrated that oxides on commercially-pure titanium
and titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) change into complex phosphates of titanium and
calcium containing hydroxyl groups which bind water on immersion in artifi cial
saliva (pH: 5.2) [Hanawa, 1991]. All these studies indicate that the surface oxide
on titanium materials reacts with mineral ions, water, and other constituents of
biofl uids, and that these reactions in turn cause a remodeling of the surface.
It was shown that titanium is in almost direct contact to bone tissue, sepa-
rated only by an extremely thin cell- free non - calcifi ed tissue layer. Transmission

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