Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
conduits have been tested in calves. The devices were implanted in the
pulmonic valve orifi ce. Conduits explanted at 6 and 12 months were struc-
turally intact. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy and energy disper-
sion spectrometry showed the valves to be free of calcium deposits and
phosphorus.
112
4.7
Conclusions
Construction of artifi cial heart valves started with plastic (Hufnagel valve)
and has come full circle to current use of alloplastic materials including
silastic polyurethane. Clinically much has been learned over the past 50
years. The use of pyrolytic carbon as a durable and thromboresistant mate-
rial has prompted the development of newer ceramic-based artifi cial valves.
Nevertheless, artifi cial materials do not duplicate the characteristics of
natural cardiac valves. There are still concerns regarding thrombogenicity
and the need for life-long anticoagulation, durability, and optimal hemody-
namics. Future developments in medical grade biomaterial, as well as
improved manufacturing processes may change the face of heart valve
technology over the next 50 years.
4.8
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