Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
#1
#4
0.0
0.0
-
0.2
-
0.2
-
0.1
-
0.2
-
0.4
-
0.4
SD
=
0.065
SD
=
0.202
SD
=
0.173
SD
=
0.052
SD
=
0.057
SD
=
0.146
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
#2
#5
0.0
0.0
-
0.2
-
0.2
-
0.2
-
0.2
-
0.4
-
0.4
-
0.4
-
0.4
SD
=
0.118
SD
=
0.125
SD
=
0.118
-
0.6
SD
=
0.186
SD
=
0.102
SD
=
0.133
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
#3
#6
0.0
0.1
-
0.1
-
0.2
-
0.2
0.0
-
0.2
-
0.3
-
0.4
-
0.1
-
0.4
SD
=
0.076
SD
=
0.107
SD
=
0.162
SD
=
0.055
SD
=
0.055
SD
=
0.101
FIGuRE 5.3
(
See color insert.
).Specimen-induced.distortion.at.a.numerical.aperture.(NA).of.1.2..he.specimen.
numbers.1-6.refer.to.the.description.in.Table.4.2.of.Chapter.4..he.abbreviation.SD.denotes.the.standard.deviation.
across.the.ield.of.view.(units.are.in.micrometers).
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
0.6
0.8
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.0
#1
0.0
#4
0.0
0.0
-
0.4
-
0.1
-
0.4
-
0.2
-
0.8
-
0.8
-
0.2
SD
=
0.053
SD
=
0.2
SD
=
0.418
SD
=
0.087
SD
=
0.075
SD
=
0.297
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
1.6
0.8
0.8
1.6
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.0
#2
0.0
0.0
#5
0.0
-
0.4
-
0.4
-
0.8
-
0.8
-
0.8
-
0.8
-
1.6
-
1.6
SD
=
0.288
SD
=
0.326
SD
=
0.569
SD
=
0.281
SD
=
0.139
SD
=
0.495
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
0.3
1.2
1.2
0.4
0.2
0.8
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.0
#3
0.0
#6
0.0
-
0.1
0.0
-
0.4
-
0.2
-
0.4
-
0.8
-
0.2
-
0.3
-
0.8
SD
=
0.093
SD
=
0.15
SD
=
0.473
SD
=
0.093
SD
=
0.099
SD
=
0.39
-
1.2
FIGuRE 5.4
(
See color insert.
).Specimen-induced.distortion.at.an.NA.of.0.6..he.specimen.numbers.1.through 6.
refer.to.the.description.in.Table.4.2.of.Chapter.4..he.abbreviation.SD.denotes.the.standard.deviation.across.the.
ield.of.view.(units.are.in.micrometers).
a. larger. range. of. the. same. wavefront. or. phase. function.. he. simplest. case. is. depicted. in.
Figure. 5.5a
,.
where.the.phase.function.is.a.constant.slope.function..hen.the.average.wavefront.tilt.across.the.pupil.
is.the.same.for.the.lower.NA.of.0.6.and.the.higher.NA.of.1.2,.and.focal.spot.displacements.are.identical.
for.both.NAs*..However,.typical.aberration.patterns.tend.to.be.more.complicated,.which.can.lead.to.a.
dependence.of.the.specimen-induced.distortion.on.the.NA..Such.an.example.is.shown.in
.
Figure.5.5b.
for.
lateral.distortion:.the.same.phase.function.leads.to.diferent.average.wavefront.slopes.across.the.pupil.
for.diferent.NAs..A.similar.situation.is.shown.in.
Figure.5.5c
.
for.axial.specimen-induced.distortion..he.
source.of.axial.distortion.is.a.quadratic.term.in.the.phase.function.(defocus)..From.
Figure.5.5c
,
.it.is.clear.
that.the.displayed.phase.function.has.a.dominant.irst-order.spherical.aberration.term.at.the.higher.NA.
*
.
Note.that.the.Zernike.mode.coeicients.are.calculated.for.a.pupil.normalized.to.unity..herefore,.the.NA.of.1.2.would.
yield.twice.the.tip/tilt.Zernike.coeicients.compared.to.the.NA.of.0.6,.but.this.is.compensated.for.by.the.NA.dependence.
of.the.conversion.between.Zernike.mode.units.and.spot.displacement/distortion.(see.Equation.5.8).
