Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Using.one.DM.conjugate.to.the.back.pupil.plane.is.the.simplest.AO.coniguration,.but.it.is.likely.that.
it.can.be.improved.on..One.problem.with.this.coniguration.is.that.DMs.typically.have.either.a.small.
number.of.actuators.(≲50).with.a.large.throw.(tens.of.microns).or.a.high.number.of.actuators.(≳128).
with.a.small.throw.(a.few.microns)..To.correct.large.aberrations.and.achieve.a.high.Strehl.ratio,.it.will.be.
necessary.to.combine.two.DMs.in.a.“woofer-tweeter”.combination.
A.single.DM.conjugate.to.the.back.pupil.plane.can.correct.the.depth.aberration.across.the.entire.ield.
of.view.but.can.correct.only.sample-induced.aberrations.in.a.small.region,.the.isoplanatic.patch,.whose.
size.will.depend.on.the.magnitude.and.location.of.the.aberrations.present..To.achieve.a.well-corrected.
image.over.the.entire.ield.of.view.in.the.presence.of.sample-induced.aberrations.will.require.either.an.
MCAO.approach,.as.mentioned.on.Section.1.1,.or.an.image-processing.approach.in.which.images.cor-
rected.for.diferent.patches.are.stitched.together.
Recently,.diferent.techniques.for.achieving.super.resolution.(resolution.beyond.the.difraction.limit).
based. on. wide-ield. luorescence. microscopy. have. been. developed,. most. notably. the. STORM/PALM.
techniques.(Betzig.et.al..2006;.Hess.et.al..2006;.Rust.et.al..2006).and.structured.illumination.micros-
copy.(Gustafsson.et.al..2008;.Kner.et.al..2009)..hese.techniques.were.all.initially.developed.for.thin,.
ixed.samples,.in.part.because.they.require.well-corrected.images.to.work..For.these.techniques.to.be.
extended.to.live.imaging.in.thicker.samples,.AO.will.be.required.to.provide.difraction-limited.imaging.
deep.into.the.sample.
Acknowledgments
We.thank.Kaveh.Ashrai,.Xeuying.Wang,.Yuri.Strukov,.Pete.Carlton,.Hesper.Rego,.Jian.Cao,.William.
Sullivan,.and.Utku.Avci.for.biological.samples.and.help.in.preparing.samples..ZK.is.the.Israel.Pollak.
Professor.of.Biophysics..his.work.was.supported.by.NIH.Grants.GM25101.(JWS).and.GM31627.(DAA),.
the.National.Science.Foundation.through.the.Center.for.Biophotonics.Science.and.Technology.under.
Cooperative.Agreement.No..PHY.0120999,.and.by.the.Keck.Laboratory.for.Advanced.Microscopy..We.
thank. Steve. Lane. at. the. Center. for. Biophotonics. Science. and. Technology,. and. Joel. Kubby. and. other.
members.of.the.National.Science.Foundation.Science.and.Technology.Center.for.Adaptive.Optics.at.the.
University.of.California.at.Santa.Cruz.for.helpful.discussions.
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