Implementation of Adaptive Optics in Nonlinear Microscopy for Biological Samples Using Optimization Algorithms - Adaptive Optics for Biological Imaging - page 191

11
Implementation of
Adaptive Optics in
Nonlinear Microscopy for
Biological Samples Using
Optimization Algorithms

11.1. Introduction....................................................................................... 191

Basics.of.Nonlinear.Imaging. • . Sources.of.Aberration

11.2. Instrumentation................................................................................194

Basic.Beam-Scanned.System. •. Incorporation.of.the.Adaptive.Optic.
Element:.Pre-.and.Postscanning
•. Adaptive.Optical.Element. •. Practical.System

11.3. Determination.of.the.Mirror.Shape.............................................. 200

Image-Based.Metrics.and.Optimization Algorithms. .
•. Results . •. hree-Dimensional.Optimization.Methods

John M. Girkin
Durham University

11.4. Summary............................................................................................206

11.1 introduction

he. desire. of. humankind. to. image. the. very. large. (stars. and. galaxies). and. the. very. small. (cells. and.
microbes).has.lead.to.signiicant.advances.in.optics.and.improvements.in.the.fundamental.understand-
ing.of.the.imaging.process..he.inluence.on.the.two.ields.has.been.bidirectional.with.Abbé's.difraction.
theory,.developed.for.optical.microscopes,.being.applied.to.astronomical.observations.and.the.develop-
ment.of.all.modern.instruments..he.application.of.adaptive.optics.(AO).in.optical.microscopy.is,.thus,.
just. a. continuation. of. this. historical. record.. A. stimulus. behind. the. introduction. and. development. of.
low-cost. AO. into. biology. has. been. partly. the. most. recent. advances. in. microscopy,. that. of. nonlinear.
imaging.
In.this.chapter,.the.practical.synthesis.of.these.two.emerging.methods.will.be.explored.both.from.a.
hardware.and.a.sotware.perspective..I.will.initially.look.at.the.physical.considerations.behind.nonlin-
ear.imaging.and.then.move.to.provide.a.link.to.the.optical.challenge.of.deep.imaging.that.is.covered.in.
detail.in.Chapters.4.and.5.and.in.journal.publications.(Girkin.et.al..2009)..his.chapter.will.then.look.at.
the.practical.considerations.that.should.be.made.when.designing.AO.into.a.nonlinear,.beam-scanning.
microscope.before.examining.optimization.algorithms.as.a.means.of.determining.the.shape.of.the.mir-
ror.to.be.used..his.has.recently.been.termed.“wavefront.sensorless”.AO,.and.the.speciic.details.on.how.
they.apply.to.nonlinear.imaging.are.described.in.the.following.text.

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