Fundamentals of Biological Intervention - Environmental Biotechnology: Theory and Application - page 48

3
Fundamentals of Biological
Intervention
The manipulation of natural cycles lies at the heart of much environmental
biotechnology and engineering solutions to the kinds of problem for which this
technology is appropriate, typically centres on adapting existing organisms and
their inherent abilities. For the most part, the sorts of 'environmental' problems
that mankind principally concerns itself about, are those which exist in the portion
of the biosphere which most directly affects humanity itself. As a result, most of
the organisms used share many of our own needs and the majority of the rele-
vant cycles are ones which are, at least, largely familiar. While other aspects of
biotechnology may demand techniques of molecular biology and genetic manip-
ulation, as has been discussed, the applications of biological science, certainly to
questions of pollution and waste, generally do not. Their position in respect of the
third leg of the intervention tripod, shown in Figure 1.1, in clean manufacturing,
is more ambiguous and there is distinct scope for them to have a greater role
here, in the future. However, while this undoubtedly represents a contribution
in terms of reduced pollution or the minimisation of waste, with regard to the
express demands for environmental amelioration, their involvement is, at best,
marginal. This is not to say that genetically manipulated organisms (GMOs) have
no relevance to the field, but rather that, on the whole, it is greatly eclipsed in
much of current practice by rather more ordinary organisms.
Using Biological Systems
Consequently, a number of themes and similarities of approach exist, which run
as common and repeated threads throughout the whole of the science. Thus,
optimisation of the activities of particular organisms, or even whole biological
communities, to bring about any desired given end, typically requires manipu-
lation of local conditions. Control of temperature, the accessibility of nutrients
and the availability of oxygen are commonly the tools employed, especially
when the target effectors are microbes or isolated biological derivatives. For the
kind of whole organism approaches typified by phytotechnological interventions