Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
of albumin, IgG, and fibrinogen, which are replaced in second step by
apolipoproteins and coagulation factors [
16
]. Mathematical modelings suggest
that the high abundance and fast dissociation of albumin and fibrinogen coupled
with the low abundance and slow dissociation of apolipoproteins accounts for the
sequential adsorption. The early stage of the Vroman effect is not observed for
every nanomaterial. The late stage of the Vroman effect occurs as proteins having
moderate affinities are replaced by those having very high affinities.
2.3.1 Early Stage
As it was mentioned, the early stage involves the rapid adsorption of albumin, IgG,
and fibrinogen upon administration of the nanomaterial inside the biological envi-
ronment. Serum albumin has a high concentration in the blood plasma. Due to
exposure of nanoparticles to the blood, a layer of serum albumin is adsorbed on the
surface of most nanomaterials in the early stage which over the time is replaced by
proteins with higher affinity to adsorb on the surface [
11
].
It should be noted that due to the change of the protein corona composition from
the early stage to the late stage, for investigation of the biological behavior of
nanoparticle such as phagocytosis, cellular uptake, and toxicity, the relevant protein
corona composition related to the time scale of these processes should be
considered.
2.3.2 Late Stage
The evolution of protein corona on solid lipid nanoparticles indicated adsorption of
albumin in the early stage which partially was replaced by fibrinogen. The longer
incubation time resulted in replacement of fibrinogen with IHRP (inter-
-trypsin
inhibitor family heavy chain-related protein) and apolipoproteins [
17
]. Although
the concentration of fibrinogen is substantially higher than that of apolipoproteins,
the higher affinity of apolipoproteins to adsorb on hydrophobic surfaces is the main
reason for replacement of fibrinogens by apolipoproteins.
Jansch et al. [
18
] investigated the kinetics of protein adsorption on ultrasmall
superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles in order to understand the
protein-NP interactions and to clarify if there is a Vroman effect on iron oxide
nanoparticles or not. A change in the protein adsorption patterns as a function of
time can also change the organ distribution of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, the
impact of prolonged incubation times on the protein adsorption pattern of USPIO
nanoparticles has been analyzed. The plasma protein adsorption kinetics on USPIO
NPs was compared to previously published kinetic studies on polystyrene particles (PS
particles) and oil-in-water nanoemulsions and was analyzed by 2D-PAGE. The results
indicated that there is no typical Vroman effect on the USPIO NP. No displacement of
α
