Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
system as the tendon-to-bone insertion site. While the stiffness of the plate varies
due to the fiber content, at the insertion site the gradation of the stiffness is achieved
through the orientation of collagen fibers and mineral content along the insertion.
The final outcome is the structure optimized either for the highest eigenvalues
(sandwich plate) or for the highest tensile load carrying capacity (insertion site).
2.6 Conclusions
The current chapter outlined the principles and mathematical backgrounds of FGM
in engineering. A review of representative recent studies of such materials was
presented. An example of optimization of a sandwich plate with in-surface graded
facings resulting in a significant increase in the buckling load and fundamental
frequency without a weight penalty was demonstrated.
FGM have found application in numerous engineering areas. The complexity of
these material systems requires a comprehensive approach to their design and
analysis, incorporating a multiscale formulation from the micromechanical RVE
level to macromechanical structural analysis. It is emphasized that a concept like
the strength of the material becomes irrelevant in FGM where the strength varies
with the position reflecting a distribution of constitutive phases throughout the
material. Similar considerations affect the analysis of fracture and such local failure
modes as wrinkling in sandwich structures.
In conclusion, we emphasize that numerous natural biological systems are
graded. Therefore, a biomimetic approach to design of FGM structures deserves
close attention.
References
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